{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408144298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","title":"Effect of Partially Automated Driving on Mental Workload, Visual Behavior and Engagement in Nondriving-Related Tasks: A Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Effect of Partially Automated Driving on Mental Workload, Visual Behavior and Engagement in Nondriving-Related Tasks: A Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408144298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40029912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251323132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208251323132","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208251323132","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089567197","display_name":"Nicola Vasta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3208-3360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Vasta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Windsor, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576297","display_name":"Francesco Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, USA","University of Windsor, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Windsor, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081576297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165","https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.3942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98889975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"9","first_page":"962","last_page":"991"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6862895488739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.6427502632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5455987453460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.4794810712337494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4568101465702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3893973231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3248444199562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1384984254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.05043432116508484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6862895488739014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.6427502632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5455987453460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4794810712337494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4568101465702057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3893973231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3248444199562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1384984254837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.05043432116508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251323132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208251323132","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40029912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40029912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/452264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/452264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401913","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12329158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12329158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hum Factors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251323132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208251323132","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408144298.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71228264","https://openalex.org/W219703096","https://openalex.org/W1528251861","https://openalex.org/W1536620489","https://openalex.org/W1870939480","https://openalex.org/W1890905809","https://openalex.org/W1964435302","https://openalex.org/W1966996074","https://openalex.org/W1980213106","https://openalex.org/W1981864453","https://openalex.org/W1987708126","https://openalex.org/W1988156643","https://openalex.org/W1989502613","https://openalex.org/W1990422851","https://openalex.org/W2047330669","https://openalex.org/W2057333762","https://openalex.org/W2074012419","https://openalex.org/W2076029586","https://openalex.org/W2076883103","https://openalex.org/W2079686208","https://openalex.org/W2102595860","https://openalex.org/W2122663570","https://openalex.org/W2137070227","https://openalex.org/W2139168999","https://openalex.org/W2151313489","https://openalex.org/W2154449833","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2248942477","https://openalex.org/W2269180692","https://openalex.org/W2315123323","https://openalex.org/W2482374272","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2578425699","https://openalex.org/W2586996035","https://openalex.org/W2607397974","https://openalex.org/W2740339251","https://openalex.org/W2764108794","https://openalex.org/W2766345307","https://openalex.org/W2776300113","https://openalex.org/W2787495828","https://openalex.org/W2803951735","https://openalex.org/W2804564465","https://openalex.org/W2886347927","https://openalex.org/W2886494753","https://openalex.org/W2890072046","https://openalex.org/W2892156502","https://openalex.org/W2893435619","https://openalex.org/W2901391968","https://openalex.org/W2904863956","https://openalex.org/W2913563151","https://openalex.org/W2914569818","https://openalex.org/W2915768693","https://openalex.org/W2921321285","https://openalex.org/W2925035632","https://openalex.org/W2931905656","https://openalex.org/W2942560399","https://openalex.org/W2942864103","https://openalex.org/W2947652593","https://openalex.org/W2948058356","https://openalex.org/W2966851358","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2970863555","https://openalex.org/W2971509013","https://openalex.org/W2973161263","https://openalex.org/W3033070131","https://openalex.org/W3043202512","https://openalex.org/W3091787025","https://openalex.org/W3114253296","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3155077507","https://openalex.org/W3158775108","https://openalex.org/W3158874131","https://openalex.org/W3163839919","https://openalex.org/W3165562309","https://openalex.org/W3172164724","https://openalex.org/W3194484041","https://openalex.org/W3202123262","https://openalex.org/W3205893002","https://openalex.org/W4206357683","https://openalex.org/W4226058929","https://openalex.org/W4231472211","https://openalex.org/W4233966356","https://openalex.org/W4243285900","https://openalex.org/W4280554044","https://openalex.org/W4281701806","https://openalex.org/W4281746451","https://openalex.org/W4283072663","https://openalex.org/W4283778797","https://openalex.org/W4285061493","https://openalex.org/W4292573098","https://openalex.org/W4298119686","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4310909069","https://openalex.org/W4313260173","https://openalex.org/W4323033645","https://openalex.org/W4372262502","https://openalex.org/W4385294542","https://openalex.org/W4387033923","https://openalex.org/W4387618770","https://openalex.org/W4389992376","https://openalex.org/W4391107810","https://openalex.org/W4392672984","https://openalex.org/W4394683868","https://openalex.org/W4403007205","https://openalex.org/W6632105830","https://openalex.org/W7071764571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2287264064","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveThe":[0],"goal":[1],"of":[2,10,28,56,127,150,177,180,200],"this":[3,88],"meta-analysis":[4],"is":[5,162],"to":[6,43,52,58,86,174,187],"investigate":[7],"the":[8,25,59,77,97,120,131,142,148,178,194,205],"effect":[9],"partial":[11,40,151,181],"automation":[12,42,153,182],"on":[13,24],"mental":[14,47,103,117],"workload,":[15,48],"visual":[16],"behavior,":[17],"and":[18,109,134,183,191,196],"engagement":[19,168],"in":[20,45,73,102,116,136,169,204],"nondriving-related":[21,137,170],"tasks.BackgroundThe":[22],"literature":[23],"human":[26],"factors":[27],"operating":[29],"partially":[30,110,143],"automated":[31,78,111,144],"driving":[32,41,122,152],"offers":[33],"mixed":[34],"findings.":[35],"While":[36],"some":[37,67,156],"studies":[38,68,90],"show":[39],"result":[44],"suboptimal":[46],"others":[49],"found":[50,106,140],"it":[51],"impose":[53],"similar":[54],"levels":[55],"workload":[57,104,118],"ones":[60],"observed":[61],"during":[62],"manual":[63,108],"driving.":[64],"Likewise,":[65],"while":[66],"evidence":[69],"a":[70],"marked":[71],"increase":[72],"off-road":[74],"glances":[75],"when":[76,141],"system":[79,145],"was":[80,139,146],"engaged,":[81],"other":[82],"work":[83],"has":[84],"failed":[85],"replicate":[87],"pattern.Method41":[89],"involving":[91],"1482":[92],"participants":[93],"were":[94,105],"analyzed":[95],"using":[96,201],"PRISMA":[98],"approach.ResultsNo":[99],"significant":[100],"differences":[101],"between":[107,119],"driving,":[112],"indicating":[113],"no":[114],"changes":[115],"two":[121],"modes.":[123],"A":[124],"higher":[125],"likelihood":[126],"glancing":[128],"away":[129],"from":[130],"forward":[132],"roadway":[133],"engaging":[135],"tasks":[138],"engaged.ConclusionAlthough":[147],"adoption":[149],"comes":[154],"with":[155,165],"intended":[157],"safety":[158,179,198],"benefits,":[159],"its":[160],"use":[161,195],"also":[163],"associated":[164],"an":[166],"increased":[167],"activities.ApplicationThese":[171],"findings":[172],"add":[173],"our":[175],"understanding":[176],"provide":[184],"valuable":[185],"information":[186],"Human":[188],"Factors":[189],"practitioners":[190],"regulators":[192],"about":[193],"potential":[197],"risks":[199],"these":[202],"systems":[203],"real-world.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
