{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406730291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251314248","title":"Awakening the Disengaged: Can Driving-Related Prompts Engage Drivers in Partial Automation?","display_name":"Awakening the Disengaged: Can Driving-Related Prompts Engage Drivers in Partial Automation?","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406730291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251314248","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39841803"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251314248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251314248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046182894","display_name":"Xiaolu Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolu Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101655348","display_name":"Jing Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-8669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046182894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98846154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"7","first_page":"731","last_page":"752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disengagement-theory","display_name":"Disengagement theory","score":0.8115084171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.6473228931427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6343877911567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anagrams","display_name":"Anagrams","score":0.6326552629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.6285688877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.5904679298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5360515117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5045701265335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.4946565330028534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4930863082408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.4674314856529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4203439950942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3941517770290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3446471691131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.18770813941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09917962551116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.09577986598014832}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25740722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044915","display_name":"Disengagement theory","level":2,"score":0.8115084171295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.6473228931427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6343877911567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780282618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122981","display_name":"Anagrams","level":3,"score":0.6326552629470825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.6285688877105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.5904679298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5360515117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5045701265335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.4946565330028534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4930863082408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4674314856529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4203439950942993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3941517770290375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3446471691131592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.18770813941955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09917962551116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.09577986598014832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208251314248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251314248","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39841803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39841803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907557225","https://openalex.org/W1974975426","https://openalex.org/W2020162572","https://openalex.org/W2040043758","https://openalex.org/W2043143027","https://openalex.org/W2066460280","https://openalex.org/W2079686208","https://openalex.org/W2099917845","https://openalex.org/W2102595860","https://openalex.org/W2141438777","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2319827527","https://openalex.org/W2323127344","https://openalex.org/W2394768863","https://openalex.org/W2405762354","https://openalex.org/W2523907792","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2571810020","https://openalex.org/W2579937995","https://openalex.org/W2591952223","https://openalex.org/W2594608213","https://openalex.org/W2626467186","https://openalex.org/W2753236681","https://openalex.org/W2768591679","https://openalex.org/W2789804605","https://openalex.org/W2795577589","https://openalex.org/W2811095268","https://openalex.org/W2886212664","https://openalex.org/W2891617635","https://openalex.org/W2893435619","https://openalex.org/W2925035632","https://openalex.org/W2941971342","https://openalex.org/W2958676254","https://openalex.org/W2989680179","https://openalex.org/W2997080534","https://openalex.org/W3021622814","https://openalex.org/W3043152589","https://openalex.org/W3043202512","https://openalex.org/W3080978959","https://openalex.org/W3096307509","https://openalex.org/W3114648939","https://openalex.org/W3136681936","https://openalex.org/W3155077507","https://openalex.org/W3156790282","https://openalex.org/W3158874131","https://openalex.org/W3164742780","https://openalex.org/W3189469417","https://openalex.org/W3195948678","https://openalex.org/W3203082035","https://openalex.org/W3212751556","https://openalex.org/W4200279965","https://openalex.org/W4205653481","https://openalex.org/W4220883490","https://openalex.org/W4229071753","https://openalex.org/W4229439629","https://openalex.org/W4376603768","https://openalex.org/W4379881286","https://openalex.org/W4404186018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071384942","https://openalex.org/W2504214961","https://openalex.org/W2592772758","https://openalex.org/W2156162946","https://openalex.org/W1999199257","https://openalex.org/W2019010552","https://openalex.org/W2905871431","https://openalex.org/W4240756838","https://openalex.org/W2533413087","https://openalex.org/W282528669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveThis":[0],"study":[1,180],"explores":[2],"the":[3,81,133,169,182,230],"effectiveness":[4],"of":[5,61,184,224],"conversational":[6,40],"prompts":[7,41,151,176,198],"on":[8],"enhancing":[9],"driver":[10,78,200,225],"monitoring":[11,158],"behavior":[12,159],"and":[13,86,132,152,160,172,189,202,220,232],"takeover":[14,118,154,161,203],"performance":[15],"in":[16,30,94,127,147,168],"partially":[17,31,91,194],"automated":[18,32,92,195],"driving":[19,33],"under":[20],"two":[21],"non-driving-related":[22],"task":[23],"(NDRT)":[24],"scenarios":[25],"with":[26,54,114,140,213],"varying":[27],"workloads.BackgroundDriver":[28],"disengagement":[29],"is":[34,52,58,73],"a":[35,47,90,95,117],"serious":[36],"safety":[37],"concern.":[38],"Intermittent":[39],"that":[42,215],"require":[43],"responses":[44],"may":[45],"be":[46],"solution.":[48],"However,":[49,163],"existing":[50],"literature":[51],"limited":[53],"inconsistent":[55],"findings.":[56],"There":[57],"little":[59,178],"consideration":[60],"NDRTs":[62,128,214],"as":[63],"an":[64],"important":[65],"context,":[66],"despite":[67],"their":[68,130,157],"ubiquitous":[69],"involvement.":[70],"A":[71],"method":[72],"also":[74],"lacking":[75],"to":[76,125,211],"measure":[77],"engagement":[79,201,226],"at":[80,129],"cognitive":[82,221],"level,":[83],"beyond":[84],"manual":[85],"visual":[87],"engagements.MethodsParticipants":[88],"operated":[89],"vehicle":[93],"simulator":[96],"across":[97],"six":[98],"predefined":[99],"drives.":[100],"In":[101],"each":[102],"drive,":[103],"participants":[104,124,143,165],"either":[105],"received":[106],"driving-related":[107,150,191],"prompts,":[108,110,113],"daily-conversation":[109],"or":[111,115],"no":[112],"without":[116],"notification.":[119],"The":[120],"first":[121],"experiment":[122,135],"instructed":[123],"engage":[126],"choice":[131],"second":[134],"incentivized":[136,173],"solving":[137],"demanding":[138,171],"anagrams":[139],"monetary":[141],"rewards.ResultsWhen":[142],"were":[144,166],"voluntarily":[145],"engaged":[146],"NDRTs,":[148],"answering":[149,175],"receiving":[153],"notifications":[155],"improved":[156],"performance.":[162],"when":[164],"involved":[167],"more":[170],"NDRT,":[174],"had":[177],"effect.ConclusionThe":[179],"supports":[181],"importance":[183],"both":[185],"maintaining":[186],"appropriate":[187],"workload":[188,231],"processing":[190,234],"information":[192,233],"during":[193],"driving.":[196],"Driving-related":[197],"improve":[199],"performance,":[204],"but":[205],"they":[206],"are":[207],"not":[208],"robust":[209],"enough":[210],"compete":[212],"have":[216],"high":[217],"motivational":[218],"appeals":[219],"demands.ApplicationThe":[222],"design":[223],"tools":[227],"should":[228],"consider":[229],"mechanisms.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}