{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392383706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241234810","title":"More Is Not Always Better: Impacts of AI-Generated Confidence and Explanations in Human\u2013Automation Interaction","display_name":"More Is Not Always Better: Impacts of AI-Generated Confidence and Explanations in Human\u2013Automation Interaction","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392383706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241234810","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38437598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208241234810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241234810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000468775","display_name":"Shihong Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1414-2436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihong Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1414-2436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009857969","display_name":"Yutong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6923-7403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6923-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027093356","display_name":"Na Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-2451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Na Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-2451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027093356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88911311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"12","first_page":"2606","last_page":"2620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6695699095726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6138185858726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.5784160494804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5726124048233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5095534324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.49149954319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.4827103614807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.4660393297672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44270920753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-analytics","display_name":"Visual analytics","score":0.4415086507797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4271668493747711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.419232040643692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1763632893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1463538110256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.12480136752128601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6695699095726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6138185858726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.5784160494804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5726124048233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5095534324645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.49149954319000244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.4827103614807129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.4660393297672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44270920753479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59732488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528440","display_name":"Visual analytics","level":3,"score":0.4415086507797241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4271668493747711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.419232040643692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1763632893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1463538110256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12480136752128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035502","descriptor_name":"Trust","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208241234810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208241234810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38437598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38437598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117178103","https://openalex.org/W167331078","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1517003397","https://openalex.org/W1966909626","https://openalex.org/W1973213502","https://openalex.org/W2015546380","https://openalex.org/W2032426551","https://openalex.org/W2034344216","https://openalex.org/W2045128528","https://openalex.org/W2048250663","https://openalex.org/W2049951042","https://openalex.org/W2059106952","https://openalex.org/W2072500831","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2164809575","https://openalex.org/W2171618779","https://openalex.org/W2420245003","https://openalex.org/W2478631146","https://openalex.org/W2518867287","https://openalex.org/W2529275262","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2574287525","https://openalex.org/W2576949977","https://openalex.org/W2594678573","https://openalex.org/W2771019154","https://openalex.org/W2941411956","https://openalex.org/W2943207870","https://openalex.org/W2945433494","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2953416276","https://openalex.org/W2953923985","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963374347","https://openalex.org/W2965326432","https://openalex.org/W2991937863","https://openalex.org/W2995188596","https://openalex.org/W2995871272","https://openalex.org/W2997560917","https://openalex.org/W3005307678","https://openalex.org/W3214263554","https://openalex.org/W4213426744","https://openalex.org/W4220952823","https://openalex.org/W4225138431","https://openalex.org/W4299627282"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2171408034","https://openalex.org/W3003320923","https://openalex.org/W2106140982","https://openalex.org/W2152313554","https://openalex.org/W2064303750","https://openalex.org/W1509300825","https://openalex.org/W2000834504","https://openalex.org/W2340249237","https://openalex.org/W2294837301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,95,186],"study":[2,96,187],"aimed":[3],"to":[4,37,70,236],"enhance":[5],"transparency":[6,34],"in":[7,29,171,198],"autonomous":[8],"systems":[9],"by":[10,205],"automatically":[11],"generating":[12],"and":[13,16,18,26,43,58,60,68,114,126,137,153,172,196,233],"visualizing":[14],"confidence":[15,144,202],"explanations":[17,133,150,191,235],"assessing":[19],"their":[20],"impacts":[21],"on":[22,63],"performance,":[23,119,194],"trust,":[24,121,195],"preference,":[25],"eye-tracking":[27,127],"behaviors":[28,128],"human-automation":[30,199],"interaction.":[31],"BACKGROUND:":[32],"System":[33],"is":[35],"vital":[36],"maintaining":[38],"appropriate":[39],"levels":[40],"of":[41,54,160,225,231],"trust":[42,152,170],"mission":[44],"success.":[45],"Previous":[46],"studies":[47],"presented":[48],"mixed":[49,116],"results":[50],"regarding":[51],"the":[52,156,161,175,207,223,229],"impact":[53],"displaying":[55],"likelihood":[56],"information":[57,181,212],"explanations,":[59],"often":[61],"relied":[62],"hand-created":[64],"information,":[65],"limiting":[66],"scalability":[67],"failing":[69],"address":[71],"real-world":[72],"dynamics.":[73],"METHOD:":[74],"We":[75],"conducted":[76],"a":[77,86,98],"dual-task":[78],"experiment":[79],"involving":[80],"42":[81],"university":[82],"students":[83],"who":[84],"operated":[85],"simulated":[87],"surveillance":[88],"testbed":[89],"with":[90],"assistance":[91],"from":[92],"intelligent":[93,124,157,176],"detectors.":[94],"used":[97],"2":[99],"(confidence":[100],"visualization:":[101],"yes":[102],"vs.":[103],"no)":[104],"\u00d7":[105],"3":[106],"(visual":[107],"explanations:":[108],"none,":[109],"bounding":[110,112,135],"boxes,":[111],"boxes":[113,136],"keypoints)":[115],"design.":[117],"Task":[118],"human":[120,169],"preference":[122,154,173,197],"for":[123,155,174,222],"detectors,":[125],"were":[129],"evaluated.":[130],"RESULTS:":[131],"Visual":[132],"using":[134],"keypoints":[138],"improved":[139],"detection":[140],"task":[141],"performance":[142],"when":[143],"was":[145],"not":[146,167],"displayed.":[147],"Meanwhile,":[148],"visual":[149,180,190],"enhanced":[151],"detector,":[158],"regardless":[159],"explanation":[162],"type.":[163],"Confidence":[164],"visualization":[165,203],"did":[166],"influence":[168],"detector.":[177],"Moreover,":[178],"both":[179],"slowed":[182],"saccade":[183],"velocities.":[184],"CONCLUSION:":[185],"demonstrated":[188],"that":[189],"could":[192],"improve":[193],"interaction":[200],"without":[201],"partially":[204],"changing":[206],"search":[208],"strategies.":[209],"However,":[210],"excessive":[211],"might":[213],"cause":[214],"adverse":[215],"effects.":[216],"APPLICATION:":[217],"These":[218],"findings":[219],"provide":[220],"guidance":[221],"design":[224],"transparent":[226],"automation,":[227],"emphasizing":[228],"importance":[230],"context-appropriate":[232],"user-centered":[234],"foster":[237],"effective":[238],"human-machine":[239],"collaboration.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
