{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390733102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231226052","title":"Exploring the Timing of Disengagement From Nondriving Related Tasks in Scheduled Takeovers With Pre-Alerts: An Analysis of Takeover-Related Measures","display_name":"Exploring the Timing of Disengagement From Nondriving Related Tasks in Scheduled Takeovers With Pre-Alerts: An Analysis of Takeover-Related Measures","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390733102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231226052","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38207243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208231226052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231226052","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208231226052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208231226052","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103153163","display_name":"Jiming Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-746X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiming Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nottingham Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4124-746X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036372332","display_name":"Xu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-7095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, China","University of Nottingham Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-7095","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082174822","display_name":"Shi Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-6674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6448-6674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419921","display_name":"Qingfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-7579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham University Business School China, University of Nottingham, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2131-7579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham University Business School China, University of Nottingham, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091351966","display_name":"Jiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-958X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nottingham Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6216-958X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036372332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.758,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94238304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"12","first_page":"2669","last_page":"2690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8697999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8697999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.037700001150369644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disengagement-theory","display_name":"Disengagement theory","score":0.9775512218475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6228348612785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4406869113445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.39001792669296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36137884855270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14827564358711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.08405730128288269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25740722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044915","display_name":"Disengagement theory","level":2,"score":0.9775512218475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6228348612785339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4406869113445282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39001792669296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36137884855270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14827564358711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.08405730128288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071826","descriptor_name":"Distracted Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208231226052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231226052","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208231226052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38207243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38207243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11487985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11487985","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11487985/pdf/10.1177_00187208231226052.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hum Factors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208231226052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231226052","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208231226052","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390733102.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580624415","https://openalex.org/W1970340312","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1991573704","https://openalex.org/W1993862395","https://openalex.org/W2014200002","https://openalex.org/W2031957300","https://openalex.org/W2043143027","https://openalex.org/W2063639707","https://openalex.org/W2071266249","https://openalex.org/W2074331253","https://openalex.org/W2092175281","https://openalex.org/W2097902850","https://openalex.org/W2101945445","https://openalex.org/W2107491450","https://openalex.org/W2112120722","https://openalex.org/W2114507740","https://openalex.org/W2146631507","https://openalex.org/W2148727360","https://openalex.org/W2150905026","https://openalex.org/W2190594340","https://openalex.org/W2557282743","https://openalex.org/W2566076267","https://openalex.org/W2579937995","https://openalex.org/W2581056135","https://openalex.org/W2586996035","https://openalex.org/W2611763466","https://openalex.org/W2635926651","https://openalex.org/W2766739124","https://openalex.org/W2773513315","https://openalex.org/W2780414687","https://openalex.org/W2802449829","https://openalex.org/W2808213066","https://openalex.org/W2811095268","https://openalex.org/W2901142539","https://openalex.org/W2903211045","https://openalex.org/W2905535082","https://openalex.org/W2911178417","https://openalex.org/W2913505839","https://openalex.org/W2915768693","https://openalex.org/W2921889068","https://openalex.org/W2946734328","https://openalex.org/W2949077838","https://openalex.org/W2993050481","https://openalex.org/W3031063702","https://openalex.org/W3034359843","https://openalex.org/W3043202512","https://openalex.org/W3084432810","https://openalex.org/W3089916460","https://openalex.org/W3092205521","https://openalex.org/W3107034018","https://openalex.org/W3116741672","https://openalex.org/W3175001236","https://openalex.org/W3178084766","https://openalex.org/W4224252451","https://openalex.org/W4229439629","https://openalex.org/W4238879677","https://openalex.org/W4283717519","https://openalex.org/W4292761119","https://openalex.org/W4306377829","https://openalex.org/W4311681734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1972460078","https://openalex.org/W3111546938","https://openalex.org/W2079720905","https://openalex.org/W2979654362","https://openalex.org/W3047501706","https://openalex.org/W3196583141","https://openalex.org/W3108171635","https://openalex.org/W2120492779","https://openalex.org/W2073887743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2,79,215],"aimed":[3],"to":[4,17,33,153,170,187,195,230],"investigate":[5],"drivers'":[6],"disengagement":[7,37,70,83,165,180,199,219,240],"from":[8,38,71,163,166,200,209],"nondriving":[9],"related":[10],"tasks":[11],"(NDRT)":[12],"during":[13,148,202,241],"scheduled":[14,26,47,224],"takeovers":[15,48],"and":[16,57,66,74,101,132,143,157,191,237],"evaluate":[18],"its":[19],"impact":[20,106],"on":[21,109,114,176],"takeover":[22,64,90,110,124,130,177],"performance.":[23,178],"BACKGROUND:":[24],"During":[25],"takeovers,":[27],"drivers":[28],"typically":[29],"have":[30],"sufficient":[31],"time":[32,131],"prepare.":[34],"However,":[35],"inadequate":[36],"NDRTs":[39,175,201],"can":[40,161],"introduce":[41],"safety":[42],"risks.":[43],"METHOD:":[44],"Participants":[45],"experienced":[46],"using":[49],"a":[50,144],"driving":[51],"simulator,":[52],"undergoing":[53],"two":[54],"conditions,":[55],"with":[56,155],"without":[58],"an":[59],"NDRT.":[60],"We":[61],"assessed":[62],"their":[63,68],"performance":[65,111],"monitored":[67],"NDRT":[69,82,108,218],"visual,":[72],"cognitive,":[73],"physical":[75],"perspectives.":[76],"RESULTS:":[77],"The":[78,105,179],"examined":[80],"three":[81],"timings":[84],"(DTs):":[85],"DT1":[86,117,138,208],"(disengaged":[87,93],"before":[88,98],"the":[89,95,149,171,203,210,242],"request),":[91],"DT2":[92,122,156],"after":[94],"request":[96],"but":[97],"taking":[99],"over),":[100],"DT3":[102,127],"(not":[103],"disengaged).":[104],"of":[107,174,181,189,248],"varied":[112],"depending":[113],"DTs.":[115,249],"Specifically,":[116],"demonstrated":[118],"no":[119],"adverse":[120,172],"effects;":[121],"impaired":[123,128],"time,":[125],"while":[126],"both":[129],"quality.":[133],"Additionally,":[134],"participants":[135],"who":[136],"displayed":[137],"exhibited":[139],"longer":[140],"eye-off-NDRT":[141,146],"duration":[142],"higher":[145],"count":[147],"prewarning":[150,204,243],"stage":[151,205],"compared":[152,186],"those":[154],"DT3.":[158,196],"CONCLUSION:":[159],"Drivers":[160],"benefit":[162],"earlier":[164],"NDRTs,":[167],"demonstrating":[168],"resilience":[169],"effects":[173],"cognition":[182],"is":[183],"often":[184],"delayed":[185],"that":[188],"eyes":[190],"hands,":[192],"potentially":[193],"leading":[194],"Moreover,":[197],"visual":[198,239],"could":[206],"distinguish":[207],"other":[211],"two.":[212],"APPLICATION:":[213],"Our":[214],"emphasizes":[216],"considering":[217],"in":[220],"designing":[221],"systems":[222],"for":[223],"takeovers.":[225],"Measures":[226],"should":[227],"be":[228],"taken":[229],"promote":[231],"early":[232],"disengagement,":[233,236],"facilitate":[234],"cognitive":[235],"employ":[238],"period":[244],"as":[245],"predictive":[246],"indicators":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T06:04:40.494371","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}