{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388483686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231210644","title":"Road Users Fail to Appreciate the Special Optical Properties of Retroreflective Materials","display_name":"Road Users Fail to Appreciate the Special Optical Properties of Retroreflective Materials","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388483686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231210644","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37939651"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208231210644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231210644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003515090","display_name":"Savana L. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-0844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Savana L. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3230-0844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030739271","display_name":"Ellen C. Szubski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2807-5114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen C. Szubski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111468212","display_name":"Richard A. Tyrrell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Tyrrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111468212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7772,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68813287,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"10","first_page":"2409","last_page":"2427"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.5008999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.5008999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.19179999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.03359999880194664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retroreflector","display_name":"Retroreflector","score":0.6389932632446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.5326967239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4821469485759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39771726727485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3447975516319275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2335977554321289}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135339813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835","display_name":"Retroreflector","level":3,"score":0.6389932632446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.5326967239379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4821469485759735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39771726727485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3447975516319275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2335977554321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208231210644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208231210644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37939651","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37939651","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W300851281","https://openalex.org/W1486895980","https://openalex.org/W1972537949","https://openalex.org/W1989147069","https://openalex.org/W1996785139","https://openalex.org/W2025438979","https://openalex.org/W2047942247","https://openalex.org/W2055457698","https://openalex.org/W2057005918","https://openalex.org/W2080921549","https://openalex.org/W2085163000","https://openalex.org/W2091012174","https://openalex.org/W2097021602","https://openalex.org/W2143435535","https://openalex.org/W2159310949","https://openalex.org/W2168513221","https://openalex.org/W2319061465","https://openalex.org/W2507290492","https://openalex.org/W2588205695","https://openalex.org/W2999819528","https://openalex.org/W3118664469","https://openalex.org/W4237613204","https://openalex.org/W4320181375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2082559548","https://openalex.org/W2121274459","https://openalex.org/W2912451611","https://openalex.org/W2010044691","https://openalex.org/W4386466443","https://openalex.org/W2066441117","https://openalex.org/W2499776422","https://openalex.org/W2146497885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"whether":[3,89],"typical":[4],"road":[5,38,189],"users":[6,190],"appreciate":[7,77,193],"the":[8,22,25,57,78,109,138,142,175,181],"special":[9,79],"optical":[10,80],"properties":[11,81],"of":[12,24,59,82],"retroreflective":[13,31,67,83,95,122,151,169,201],"materials.":[14,84],"BACKGROUND:":[15],"Retroreflective":[16,51],"surfaces":[17],"reflect":[18],"light":[19],"back":[20],"towards":[21],"source":[23,104],"illumination.":[26],"All":[27],"drivers":[28],"benefit":[29],"from":[30],"materials,":[32],"as":[33],"they":[34],"are":[35],"required":[36],"on":[37,40],"signs,":[39],"large":[41],"trailers,":[42],"in":[43,183,211],"lane":[44],"delineation,":[45],"and":[46,123,155,161],"other":[47],"traffic":[48],"control":[49],"devices.":[50],"markings":[52,202],"can":[53],"also":[54],"greatly":[55],"enhance":[56],"conspicuity":[58],"pedestrians":[60,64,74,199],"at":[61,203],"night,":[62],"but":[63],"typically":[65],"underuse":[66,200],"markings.":[68],"One":[69],"possible":[70],"reason":[71],"is":[72,106],"that":[73,94,105,188],"may":[75,195],"not":[76,178,192],"METHOD:":[85],"Two":[86],"experiments":[87],"tested":[88],"observers":[90,147,176],"could":[91,208],"correctly":[92],"predict":[93,119],"materials":[96],"appear":[97,127],"remarkably":[98],"bright":[99,121,150,158],"when":[100,174],"illuminated":[101],"by":[102],"a":[103,114,129],"aligned":[107],"with":[108],"observers'":[110],"eyes.":[111],"Observers":[112],"used":[113],"magnitude":[115],"estimation":[116],"procedure":[117],"to":[118,132],"how":[120,149,157],"non-retroreflective":[124],"stimuli":[125,152,163,170,182],"would":[126,153,164],"during":[128,141],"demonstration":[130],"designed":[131],"highlight":[133],"retroreflectivity.":[134],"They":[135],"then":[136],"judged":[137],"brightness":[139],"again":[140],"demonstration.":[143],"RESULTS:":[144],"In":[145],"general,":[146],"underestimated":[148],"be":[154],"overestimated":[156],"diffuse":[159],"reflective":[160],"fluorescent":[162],"be.":[165],"The":[166,186],"underestimates":[167],"for":[168],"were":[171],"particularly":[172],"striking":[173],"had":[177],"closely":[179],"examined":[180],"advance.":[184],"CONCLUSION:":[185],"fact":[187],"do":[191],"retroreflectivity":[194],"help":[196],"explain":[197],"why":[198],"night.":[204],"APPLICATION:":[205],"Educational":[206],"interventions":[207],"prove":[209],"useful":[210],"this":[212],"domain.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
