{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135110967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995319","title":"Objective Measures of Surgeon Non-Technical Skills in Surgery: A Scoping Review","display_name":"Objective Measures of Surgeon Non-Technical Skills in Surgery: A Scoping Review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135110967","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995319","mag":"3135110967","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33682476"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821995319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085042965","display_name":"Jackie Cha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-2094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jackie S. Cha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8136-2094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049073456","display_name":"Denny Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-1713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denny Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-1713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085042965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95558423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"1","first_page":"42","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11238","display_name":"Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.426730751991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.3941096365451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38080909848213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.3418867290019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-surgery","display_name":"General surgery","score":0.3412874639034271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.426730751991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3941096365451813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38080909848213196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3418867290019989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61434518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510","display_name":"General surgery","level":1,"score":0.3412874639034271}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007857","descriptor_name":"Leadership","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821995319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33682476","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33682476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312083","display_name":"Intuitive Surgical","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2n4m79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175448901","https://openalex.org/W626182857","https://openalex.org/W1771474150","https://openalex.org/W1877883797","https://openalex.org/W1930326261","https://openalex.org/W1959402350","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W1969097720","https://openalex.org/W1973436569","https://openalex.org/W1974602881","https://openalex.org/W1975294555","https://openalex.org/W1985119099","https://openalex.org/W1985270055","https://openalex.org/W1987530194","https://openalex.org/W1987576617","https://openalex.org/W1992755595","https://openalex.org/W2000503809","https://openalex.org/W2000697043","https://openalex.org/W2008950151","https://openalex.org/W2011401683","https://openalex.org/W2013657375","https://openalex.org/W2016362729","https://openalex.org/W2016647632","https://openalex.org/W2023053047","https://openalex.org/W2030466161","https://openalex.org/W2032955900","https://openalex.org/W2033982400","https://openalex.org/W2046744409","https://openalex.org/W2047359537","https://openalex.org/W2060842972","https://openalex.org/W2061416046","https://openalex.org/W2069757512","https://openalex.org/W2080909738","https://openalex.org/W2086175745","https://openalex.org/W2093477891","https://openalex.org/W2095218090","https://openalex.org/W2102510864","https://openalex.org/W2105930528","https://openalex.org/W2115120145","https://openalex.org/W2117448877","https://openalex.org/W2118694881","https://openalex.org/W2123872280","https://openalex.org/W2124670621","https://openalex.org/W2135130599","https://openalex.org/W2138990761","https://openalex.org/W2141561758","https://openalex.org/W2142099943","https://openalex.org/W2147927650","https://openalex.org/W2160803813","https://openalex.org/W2170119333","https://openalex.org/W2171499604","https://openalex.org/W2324396517","https://openalex.org/W2325237771","https://openalex.org/W2333445276","https://openalex.org/W2401937103","https://openalex.org/W2503763178","https://openalex.org/W2515775709","https://openalex.org/W2520657890","https://openalex.org/W2555756618","https://openalex.org/W2565129737","https://openalex.org/W2598267859","https://openalex.org/W2729624515","https://openalex.org/W2737622361","https://openalex.org/W2764285414","https://openalex.org/W2789917756","https://openalex.org/W2790705910","https://openalex.org/W2791981856","https://openalex.org/W2792855522","https://openalex.org/W2793138952","https://openalex.org/W2885837206","https://openalex.org/W2890072046","https://openalex.org/W2890111764","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2893998237","https://openalex.org/W2901724277","https://openalex.org/W2912947114","https://openalex.org/W2976101205","https://openalex.org/W2976637988","https://openalex.org/W2988282464","https://openalex.org/W3005165492","https://openalex.org/W3036722857","https://openalex.org/W4236634241","https://openalex.org/W4294214983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,17,127,131,154,165,199],"this":[4,107,222],"study":[5],"was":[6,185],"to":[7,35,37,65,187,192],"identify,":[8],"synthesize,":[9],"and":[10,39,76,93,114,125,141,157,204],"discuss":[11],"objective":[12,63,90,190,209,225],"behavioral":[13,74],"or":[14,27,29,98],"physiological":[15,117],"metrics":[16,110,113,210,227],"surgeons'":[18],"nontechnical":[19],"skills":[20],"(NTS)":[21],"in":[22,72,106,122,134,138,167,211,231],"the":[23,128,147,162,169,174,181,189],"literature.":[24],"BACKGROUND:":[25],"NTS,":[26],"interpersonal":[28],"cognitive":[30,152],"skills,":[31,56],"have":[32],"been":[33,58],"identified":[34],"contribute":[36],"safe":[38],"efficient":[40],"surgical":[41,233],"performance;":[42],"however,":[43],"current":[44,214],"assessments":[45],"are":[46],"subjective,":[47],"checklist-based":[48],"tools.":[49],"Intraoperative":[50],"skill":[51],"evaluation,":[52],"such":[53,67,119],"as":[54,61,120],"technical":[55],"has":[57],"previously":[59],"utilized":[60,137],"an":[62],"measure":[64],"address":[66],"limitations.":[68],"METHODS:":[69],"Five":[70],"databases":[71],"engineering,":[73],"science,":[75],"medicine":[77],"were":[78,104,136,142],"searched":[79],"following":[80],"PRISMA":[81],"reporting":[82],"guidelines.":[83],"Eligibility":[84],"criteria":[85],"included":[86,105,111],"studies":[87,140],"with":[88,144,213],"NTS":[89,170,193,197,226],"measurements,":[91],"surgeons,":[92],"took":[94],"place":[95],"within":[96],"simulated":[97],"live":[99],"operations.":[100],"RESULTS:":[101],"Twenty-three":[102],"articles":[103],"review.":[108],"Objective":[109,196],"communication":[112,133,148,166,183],"measures":[115,191],"from":[116,221],"responses":[118],"changes":[121],"brain":[123],"activation":[124],"motion":[126],"eye.":[129],"Frequencies":[130],"content-coded":[132],"surgery":[135],"16":[139],"associated":[143],"not":[145],"only":[146],"construct":[149],"but":[150],"also":[151],"constructs":[153],"situation":[155],"awareness":[156],"decision":[158],"making.":[159],"This":[160],"indicates":[161],"underlying":[163],"importance":[164],"evaluating":[168],"constructs.":[171,194],"To":[172],"synthesize":[173],"scoped":[175],"literature,":[176],"a":[177,232],"framework":[178],"based":[179],"on":[180,207],"one-way":[182],"model":[184],"used":[186],"map":[188],"CONCLUSION:":[195],"measurement":[198,229],"surgeons":[200],"is":[201,217],"still":[202],"preliminary,":[203],"future":[205],"work":[206,223],"leveraging":[208],"parallel":[212],"assessment":[215],"tools":[216],"needed.":[218],"APPLICATION:":[219],"Findings":[220],"identify":[224],"for":[228],"applications":[230],"environment.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
