{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129256417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995000","title":"Real-Time Driving Distraction Recognition Through a Wrist-Mounted Accelerometer","display_name":"Real-Time Driving Distraction Recognition Through a Wrist-Mounted Accelerometer","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129256417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995000","mag":"3129256417","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821995000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056054440","display_name":"Ziyang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-3822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-3822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361284","display_name":"Li Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-6706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340400","display_name":"Xu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-3103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8790-3103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100340400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87838272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"8","first_page":"1412","last_page":"1428"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6759999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.2273000031709671,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.025499999523162842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.8753527402877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.7719357013702393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7338727712631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6836055517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.61565101146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.609300971031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.5285711884498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4910151958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3467139005661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3386337161064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12794506549835205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.8753527402877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.7719357013702393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7338727712631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6836055517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.61565101146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.609300971031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.5285711884498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4910151958465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3467139005661011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3386337161064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12794506549835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821995000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821995000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33625884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33625884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4453466917","display_name":"Leverage Augmented Reality for Safety Education in the Logistics Industry","funder_award_id":"1822477","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W208765980","https://openalex.org/W1584308190","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1680565421","https://openalex.org/W1920314056","https://openalex.org/W1963490115","https://openalex.org/W1965464424","https://openalex.org/W1967258612","https://openalex.org/W1976210931","https://openalex.org/W2009193978","https://openalex.org/W2015012594","https://openalex.org/W2026243162","https://openalex.org/W2060288990","https://openalex.org/W2078949139","https://openalex.org/W2089453973","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2095820027","https://openalex.org/W2097812823","https://openalex.org/W2101032778","https://openalex.org/W2103532308","https://openalex.org/W2118374628","https://openalex.org/W2118534522","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2154691736","https://openalex.org/W2162153322","https://openalex.org/W2166880842","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2556067306","https://openalex.org/W2605428776","https://openalex.org/W2617632090","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2774132735","https://openalex.org/W2783437277","https://openalex.org/W2884571483","https://openalex.org/W2909752795","https://openalex.org/W2974515736","https://openalex.org/W2979409500","https://openalex.org/W3003487961","https://openalex.org/W3091194665","https://openalex.org/W3125071194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973973903","https://openalex.org/W2992410632","https://openalex.org/W2783719297","https://openalex.org/W2025756212","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"We":[1],"propose":[2],"a":[3,13,58,105,119,129,195],"method":[4],"for":[5,93,143,151,166,207],"recognizing":[6,144],"driver":[7,39],"distraction":[8,32,40,190],"in":[9,23],"real":[10],"time":[11],"using":[12,33,103],"wrist-worn":[14,196],"inertial":[15],"measurement":[16],"unit":[17],"(IMU).":[18],"BACKGROUND:":[19],"Distracted":[20],"driving":[21,55,59,146,189],"results":[22,116,180],"thousands":[24],"of":[25,100,107,181],"fatal":[26],"vehicle":[27],"accidents":[28],"every":[29],"year.":[30],"Recognizing":[31],"body-worn":[34],"sensors":[35],"may":[36,204],"help":[37],"mitigate":[38],"and":[41,112,134,155,160,170,175,198],"consequently":[42],"improve":[43],"road":[44],"safety.":[45,210],"METHODS:":[46],"Twenty":[47],"participants":[48],"performed":[49],"common":[50],"behaviors":[51],"associated":[52],"with":[53,138],"distracted":[54,145],"while":[56],"operating":[57],"simulator.":[60],"Acceleration":[61],"data":[62],"collected":[63],"from":[64],"an":[65],"IMU":[66,197],"secured":[67],"to":[68,75,96],"each":[69],"driver's":[70],"right":[71],"wrist":[72],"were":[73,91,157,172],"used":[74],"detect":[76],"potential":[77,206],"manual":[78],"distractions":[79],"based":[80],"on":[81],"2-s":[82],"long":[83,121,139],"streaming":[84],"data.":[85],"Three":[86],"deep":[87,125,200],"neural":[88,126,131,136,201],"network-based":[89],"classifiers":[90],"compared":[92],"their":[94],"ability":[95],"recognize":[97],"the":[98,152,167,187],"type":[99],"distractive":[101],"behavior":[102],"F1-scores,":[104],"measure":[106],"accuracy":[108],"considering":[109],"both":[110],"recall":[111],"precision.":[113],"RESULTS:":[114],"The":[115,148,163,179],"indicated":[117],"that":[118,186,193],"convolutional":[120,130],"short-term":[122,140],"memory":[123,141],"(ConvLSTM)":[124],"network":[127,132,137,202],"outperformed":[128],"(CNN)":[133],"recursive":[135],"(LSTM)":[142],"behaviors.":[147],"within-participant":[149],"F1-scores":[150,165],"ConvLSTM,":[153,168],"CNN,":[154,169],"LSTM":[156,171],"0.87,":[158,173],"0.82,":[159,161],"respectively.":[162,177],"between-participant":[164],"0.76,":[174],"0.85,":[176],"CONCLUSION:":[178],"this":[182],"pilot":[183],"study":[184],"indicate":[185],"proposed":[188],"mitigation":[191],"system":[192],"uses":[194],"ConvLSTM":[199],"classifier":[203],"have":[205],"improving":[208],"transportation":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
