{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130294817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821992623","title":"Characterizing the Effects of Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations on the Human Body While Wearing Heavy Personal Protective Equipment","display_name":"Characterizing the Effects of Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations on the Human Body While Wearing Heavy Personal Protective Equipment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130294817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821992623","mag":"3130294817","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33617350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821992623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821992623","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720821992623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720821992623","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022717975","display_name":"Yi\u2010Ning Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-6717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ning Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-6717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034936627","display_name":"Adam Norton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6127-4588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Norton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030899855","display_name":"Michael Zielinski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael R. Zielinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032071150","display_name":"Pei-Chun Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8603-3898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei-Chun Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083243174","display_name":"Andrew Stanwicks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Stanwicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003670623","display_name":"Patrick Pang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037562078","display_name":"Charles H. Cring","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles H. Cring","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827148","display_name":"Brian W. Flynn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5549-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Flynn","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088817604","display_name":"Holly A. Yanco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9962-5865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holly A. Yanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022717975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89122178,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"7","first_page":"1137","last_page":"1153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12138","display_name":"Occupational Health and Performance","score":0.40459999442100525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12138","display_name":"Occupational Health and Performance","score":0.40459999442100525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.07850000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.05990000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3614","display_name":"Radiological and Ultrasound Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-protective-equipment","display_name":"Personal protective equipment","score":0.7545706033706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.49948668479919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.37889328598976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3593066334724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32672715187072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.2134682834148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14044833183288574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333024","display_name":"Personal protective equipment","level":5,"score":0.7545706033706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.49948668479919434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.37889328598976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3593066334724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32672715187072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2134682834148407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14044833183288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067393","descriptor_name":"Personal Protective Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067393","descriptor_name":"Personal Protective Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067393","descriptor_name":"Personal Protective Equipment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011481","descriptor_name":"Protective Clothing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011481","descriptor_name":"Protective Clothing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011481","descriptor_name":"Protective Clothing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013312","descriptor_name":"Stress, Physiological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018594","descriptor_name":"Human Body","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018594","descriptor_name":"Human Body","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018594","descriptor_name":"Human Body","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053834","descriptor_name":"Explosive Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053834","descriptor_name":"Explosive Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053834","descriptor_name":"Explosive Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821992623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821992623","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720821992623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33617350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33617350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720821992623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821992623","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720821992623","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G601763673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911QY-18-2-0006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315784","funder_display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315784","display_name":"U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20985366","https://openalex.org/W1485710552","https://openalex.org/W1696484305","https://openalex.org/W1882348221","https://openalex.org/W1964386231","https://openalex.org/W1972080328","https://openalex.org/W1973086190","https://openalex.org/W2007333865","https://openalex.org/W2009065143","https://openalex.org/W2014002382","https://openalex.org/W2016592635","https://openalex.org/W2020827825","https://openalex.org/W2021574739","https://openalex.org/W2040679689","https://openalex.org/W2042350479","https://openalex.org/W2059983053","https://openalex.org/W2069340165","https://openalex.org/W2070978837","https://openalex.org/W2074433292","https://openalex.org/W2079801375","https://openalex.org/W2083368010","https://openalex.org/W2086036769","https://openalex.org/W2130803468","https://openalex.org/W2154445870","https://openalex.org/W2222681964","https://openalex.org/W2324211392","https://openalex.org/W2342448915","https://openalex.org/W2343213173","https://openalex.org/W2599750277","https://openalex.org/W2783395782","https://openalex.org/W2883784006","https://openalex.org/W2893701922","https://openalex.org/W2899781010","https://openalex.org/W3000660900","https://openalex.org/W4211214565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287334727","https://openalex.org/W1488588773","https://openalex.org/W2048510477","https://openalex.org/W2600150541","https://openalex.org/W4399187797","https://openalex.org/W2347510524","https://openalex.org/W2328795663","https://openalex.org/W2392989627","https://openalex.org/W2762476777","https://openalex.org/W1977665047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"provide":[2],"a":[3,44],"comprehensive":[4],"characterization":[5],"of":[6,49],"explosive":[7],"ordnance":[8],"disposal":[9],"(EOD)":[10],"personal":[11],"protective":[12],"equipment":[13],"(PPE)":[14],"by":[15,188,220,240],"evaluating":[16],"its":[17],"effects":[18],"on":[19,179,243],"the":[20,24,68,122,125,140,149,180,224,244],"human":[21,109,181],"body,":[22],"specifically":[23],"poses,":[25],"tasks,":[26,142],"and":[27,58,77,91,95,101,112,124,195,202,236],"conditions":[28],"under":[29],"which":[30],"EOD":[31,36,52,69,81,87,97,129,166,169,173,189,214,221,241],"operations":[32,88,170],"are":[33],"performed.":[34],"BACKGROUND:":[35],"PPE":[37,53,70,130,174,215,222,242],"is":[38,64,186],"designed":[39],"to":[40,60,74,107,138,211,233],"protect":[41],"technicians":[42],"from":[43],"blast.":[45],"The":[46,183,200],"required":[47],"features":[48],"protection":[50],"make":[51],"heavy,":[54],"bulky,":[55],"poorly":[56],"ventilated,":[57],"difficult":[59],"maneuver":[61],"in.":[62],"It":[63],"not":[65],"clear":[66],"how":[67],"wearer":[71],"physiologically":[72],"adapts":[73],"maintain":[75],"physical":[76,177,235],"cognitive":[78,237],"performance":[79],"during":[80,121],"operations.":[82],"METHOD:":[83],"Fourteen":[84],"participants":[85,159],"performed":[86,161],"including":[89],"mobility":[90,123,141,185],"inspection":[92,126,150],"tasks":[93,127],"with":[94],"without":[96,246],"PPE.":[98,167],"Physiological":[99],"measurement":[100],"kinematic":[102],"data":[103],"recording":[104],"were":[105,118,146,156],"used":[106,210],"record":[108],"physiological":[110,116],"responses":[111],"performance.":[113,250],"RESULTS:":[114],"All":[115],"measures":[117],"significantly":[119,135],"higher":[120,196],"when":[128],"was":[131],"worn.":[132],"Participants":[133],"spent":[134],"more":[136],"time":[137],"complete":[139],"whereas":[143],"mixed":[144],"results":[145],"found":[147],"in":[148,158,192,205],"tasks.":[151],"Higher":[152],"back":[153],"muscle":[154,197],"activations":[155],"seen":[157],"who":[160],"object":[162],"manipulation":[163],"while":[164,171],"wearing":[165,172],"CONCLUSION:":[168],"pose":[175],"significant":[176],"stress":[178,238],"body.":[182],"wearer's":[184],"impacted":[187],"PPE,":[190],"resulting":[191],"decreased":[193],"speed":[194],"activations.":[198],"APPLICATION:":[199],"testing":[201],"evaluation":[203],"methodology":[204],"this":[206],"study":[207],"can":[208],"be":[209],"benchmark":[212],"future":[213],"designs.":[216],"Identifying":[217],"hazards":[218],"posed":[219],"lays":[223],"groundwork":[225],"for":[226],"developing":[227],"mitigation":[228],"plans,":[229],"such":[230],"as":[231],"exoskeletons,":[232],"reduce":[234],"caused":[239],"wearers":[245],"compromising":[247],"their":[248],"operational":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
