{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158838169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211015022","title":"Detection of Hostile Intent by Spatial Movements","display_name":"Detection of Hostile Intent by Spatial Movements","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158838169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211015022","mag":"3158838169","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33957812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208211015022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211015022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036754008","display_name":"Colleen E. Patton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-4526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Colleen E. Patton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-4526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045650405","display_name":"Christopher D. Wickens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-4446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Wickens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-4446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110821346","display_name":"C. A. P. Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. A. P. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070287520","display_name":"Benjamin A. Clegg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin A. Clegg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6026-5076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036754008"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3459,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52759587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"2","first_page":"227","last_page":"236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.09619999676942825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11997","display_name":"Free Will and Agency","score":0.09619999676942825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.07739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.07500000298023224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.5281767249107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.4758462607860565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4572342336177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4240448772907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4194129407405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/injury-prevention","display_name":"Injury prevention","score":0.4169023633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-prevention","display_name":"Suicide prevention","score":0.41603949666023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.37023720145225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.3476707935333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.32503601908683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.3216222822666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.2835668921470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2171163558959961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.5281767249107361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.4758462607860565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4572342336177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4240448772907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4194129407405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.4169023633003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.41603949666023254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37023720145225525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3476707935333252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.32503601908683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.3216222822666168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.2835668921470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2171163558959961}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012767","descriptor_name":"Ships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033182","descriptor_name":"Intention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208211015022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211015022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33957812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33957812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571144263","https://openalex.org/W1593995407","https://openalex.org/W1968340857","https://openalex.org/W1970416111","https://openalex.org/W1972618628","https://openalex.org/W1998769771","https://openalex.org/W2009825391","https://openalex.org/W2033681495","https://openalex.org/W2034307116","https://openalex.org/W2103912036","https://openalex.org/W2106654511","https://openalex.org/W2115555886","https://openalex.org/W2121052019","https://openalex.org/W2137789428","https://openalex.org/W2140301685","https://openalex.org/W2146829035","https://openalex.org/W2156933804","https://openalex.org/W2163933962","https://openalex.org/W2164361512","https://openalex.org/W2166352203","https://openalex.org/W2603619962","https://openalex.org/W2622397332","https://openalex.org/W2803941390","https://openalex.org/W3130409062"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2260842574","https://openalex.org/W2031595675","https://openalex.org/W2237087163","https://openalex.org/W1967302349","https://openalex.org/W2029056082","https://openalex.org/W2084453079","https://openalex.org/W2092438568","https://openalex.org/W2064341610","https://openalex.org/W2257529021","https://openalex.org/W2244508426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1],"ability":[2],"of":[3,10,18,25,38,44,51,61,73,87,161,171,192,202,210,230],"people":[4],"to":[5,30,57,63,112,129,219,232,241,245],"infer":[6],"intentions":[7,40],"from":[8],"movement":[9,71,193,214],"other":[11,77],"vessels":[12,45],"was":[13,34,124,136,153,173,186],"investigated.":[14],"Across":[15],"three":[16],"levels":[17],"variability":[19,128,146],"in":[20,22,48,104,147,165],"movements":[21,43,131],"the":[23,95,106,117,148,156,162,166,181,195,239],"path":[24,135],"computer-controlled":[26],"ships,":[27],"participants":[28],"attempted":[29],"determine":[31,58],"which":[32,92,101],"entity":[33,84,158],"hostile.":[35],"BACKGROUND:":[36],"Detection":[37,170],"hostile":[39,89,118,157,182],"through":[41,126],"spatial":[42],"is":[46,217],"important":[47],"an":[49],"array":[50],"real-world":[52],"scenarios.":[53],"This":[54],"experiment":[55],"sought":[56],"baseline":[59],"abilities":[60],"humans":[62],"do":[64],"so.":[65],"METHODS:":[66],"Participants":[67],"selected":[68],"a":[69],"discrete":[70],"direction":[72],"their":[74,134,234],"ship.":[75],"Six":[76],"ships'":[78,130,149],"locations":[79],"then":[80],"updated.":[81],"A":[82],"single":[83],"displayed":[85],"one":[86],"two":[88],"behaviors:":[90],"shadowing,":[91],"involved":[93,102],"mirroring":[94],"participant's":[96,107],"vessel's":[97],"movements;":[98],"and":[99,120,180],"hunting,":[100],"closing":[103],"on":[105,213],"vessel.":[108],"Trials":[109],"allowed":[110],"up":[111],"35":[113],"moves":[114],"before":[115],"identifying":[116,155],"ship":[119],"its":[121],"behavior.":[122],"Uncertainty":[123],"introduced":[125],"adding":[127],"such":[132],"that":[133],"0%,":[137],"25%,":[138],"or":[139],"50%":[140],"random.":[141],"RESULTS:":[142],"Even":[143],"with":[144],"no":[145],"movements,":[150,204],"accurate":[151],"detection":[152],"low,":[154],"about":[159],"60%":[160],"time.":[163],"Variability":[164],"paths":[167],"decreased":[168],"detection.":[169,206],"hunting":[172],"strongly":[174],"degraded":[175],"by":[176],"distance":[177],"between":[178],"ownship":[179],"ship,":[183],"but":[184,197,222],"shadowing":[185],"not.":[187],"Strategies":[188],"employing":[189],"different":[190],"directions":[191],"across":[194],"trial,":[196],"also":[198],"featuring":[199],"some":[200,228],"runs":[201],"consecutive":[203],"facilitated":[205],"CONCLUSIONS:":[207],"Early":[208],"identification":[209],"threats":[211],"based":[212],"characteristics":[215],"alone":[216],"likely":[218],"be":[220],"difficult,":[221],"particularly":[223],"so":[224],"when":[225],"adversaries":[226],"employ":[227],"level":[229],"uncertainty":[231],"mask":[233],"intentions.":[235],"These":[236],"findings":[237],"highlight":[238],"need":[240],"develop":[242],"decision":[243],"aids":[244],"support":[246],"human":[247],"performance.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
