{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157338581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953","title":"A Review of Occlusion as a Tool to Assess Attentional Demand in Driving","display_name":"A Review of Occlusion as a Tool to Assess Attentional Demand in Driving","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157338581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953","mag":"3157338581","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33908809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208211010953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208211010953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208211010953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090230299","display_name":"Tuomo Kujala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-8540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tuomo Kujala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-8540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072797110","display_name":"Katja Kircher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-9722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161337","display_name":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04zmmpw58","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Kircher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1849-9722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033024496","display_name":"Christer Ahlstr\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-0303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161337","display_name":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04zmmpw58","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christer Ahlstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4134-0303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090230299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2654,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91470461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"5","first_page":"792","last_page":"808"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7213000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7213000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.09640000015497208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.03009999915957451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.9080318212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5644093751907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.5128583908081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.456463485956192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situational-ethics","display_name":"Situational ethics","score":0.455231249332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"Occlusion","score":0.43715813755989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-search","display_name":"Visual search","score":0.42336350679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.41639822721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vigilance","display_name":"Vigilance (psychology)","score":0.4125634431838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3645557463169098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2411663830280304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.16177892684936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10264185070991516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.9080318212509155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5644093751907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.5128583908081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.456463485956192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.455231249332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776268601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968808","display_name":"Occlusion","level":2,"score":0.43715813755989075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158495155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2369151","display_name":"Visual search","level":2,"score":0.42336350679397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.41639822721481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192769605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418914","display_name":"Vigilance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4125634431838989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3645557463169098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2411663830280304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.16177892684936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10264185070991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014794","descriptor_name":"Visual Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014794","descriptor_name":"Visual Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014794","descriptor_name":"Visual Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208211010953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208211010953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33908809","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33908809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:vti-16379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vti:diva-16379","pdf_url":"https://vti.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1561428/FULLTEXT02","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/75409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953\"","pdf_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-202105102697","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A2"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10374995","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10374995","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10374995/pdf/10.1177_00187208211010953.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hum Factors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208211010953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211010953","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00187208211010953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157338581.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3157338581.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107233025","https://openalex.org/W155723347","https://openalex.org/W203864862","https://openalex.org/W206697284","https://openalex.org/W626301886","https://openalex.org/W639260311","https://openalex.org/W1516997991","https://openalex.org/W1549508738","https://openalex.org/W1585310960","https://openalex.org/W1605488334","https://openalex.org/W1605766270","https://openalex.org/W1838052923","https://openalex.org/W1924208393","https://openalex.org/W1931341482","https://openalex.org/W1976009519","https://openalex.org/W1979517848","https://openalex.org/W1986119506","https://openalex.org/W1993822250","https://openalex.org/W1997593178","https://openalex.org/W2004535092","https://openalex.org/W2006448323","https://openalex.org/W2016576151","https://openalex.org/W2019817660","https://openalex.org/W2022347296","https://openalex.org/W2022615013","https://openalex.org/W2022919613","https://openalex.org/W2031548791","https://openalex.org/W2036265711","https://openalex.org/W2044215698","https://openalex.org/W2045727624","https://openalex.org/W2050280523","https://openalex.org/W2054284379","https://openalex.org/W2064105687","https://openalex.org/W2076749158","https://openalex.org/W2089594993","https://openalex.org/W2094757861","https://openalex.org/W2095264964","https://openalex.org/W2096284664","https://openalex.org/W2096763531","https://openalex.org/W2102923731","https://openalex.org/W2117479197","https://openalex.org/W2150626173","https://openalex.org/W2162618366","https://openalex.org/W2186521305","https://openalex.org/W2202718452","https://openalex.org/W2248377807","https://openalex.org/W2276630403","https://openalex.org/W2322790904","https://openalex.org/W2335605938","https://openalex.org/W2394636832","https://openalex.org/W2516321972","https://openalex.org/W2530791092","https://openalex.org/W2533853048","https://openalex.org/W2575781432","https://openalex.org/W2602499164","https://openalex.org/W2735201955","https://openalex.org/W2790654917","https://openalex.org/W2885569463","https://openalex.org/W2889722830","https://openalex.org/W2963451777","https://openalex.org/W2968066242","https://openalex.org/W2969793244","https://openalex.org/W3046518956","https://openalex.org/W4234741468","https://openalex.org/W4253538128","https://openalex.org/W4300497772"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W564318436","https://openalex.org/W2390151587","https://openalex.org/W2143855856","https://openalex.org/W2042706687","https://openalex.org/W2083853826","https://openalex.org/W1997214137","https://openalex.org/W2505189292","https://openalex.org/W4383901024","https://openalex.org/W2260667194","https://openalex.org/W2810217712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,34,75,119,140,187],"aim":[2],"of":[3,16,30,48,143,150,159,166,189,205],"this":[4,190],"review":[5,191],"is":[6],"to":[7,13,43,128,174],"identify":[8],"how":[9,176],"visual":[10,21,85,137,228],"occlusion":[11,35,64,120,144,160],"contributes":[12],"our":[14],"understanding":[15],"attentional":[17,46,101,167],"demand":[18,47,102],"and":[19,25,28,71,106,108,113,134,181,194,201,208,215,225],"spare":[20,227],"capacity":[22],"in":[23,58,66,81,125,136,183,222],"driving":[24,67],"the":[26,31,45,83,91,117,130,148,151,203,220],"strengths":[27],"limitations":[29],"method.":[32],"BACKGROUND:":[33],"technique":[36,121],"was":[37,77,87,93],"developed":[38],"by":[39],"John":[40],"W.":[41],"Senders":[42],"evaluate":[44],"driving.":[49,94,185],"Despite":[50],"its":[51],"utility,":[52],"it":[53],"has":[54],"been":[55],"used":[56],"infrequently":[57],"driver":[59],"attention/inattention":[60],"research.":[61,152],"METHOD:":[62],"Visual":[63],"studies":[65,80,97,161],"published":[68],"between":[69],"1967":[70],"2020":[72],"were":[73],"reviewed.":[74],"focus":[76],"on":[78,147],"original":[79],"which":[82],"forward":[84],"field":[86],"intermittently":[88],"occluded":[89],"while":[90],"participant":[92],"RESULTS:":[95],"Occlusion":[96],"have":[98,109,192],"shown":[99],"that":[100],"varies":[103],"across":[104],"situations":[105],"drivers":[107],"indicated":[110],"environmental,":[111],"situational,":[112],"inter-individual":[114],"factors":[115,199],"behind":[116],"variability.":[118],"complements":[122],"eye":[123],"tracking":[124],"being":[126],"able":[127],"indicate":[129],"temporal":[131],"requirements":[132],"for":[133,197,202],"redundancy":[135],"information":[138],"sampling.":[139],"proper":[141],"selection":[142],"settings":[145],"depends":[146],"target":[149],"CONCLUSION:":[153],"Although":[154],"there":[155],"are":[156,170],"a":[157],"number":[158],"looking":[162],"at":[163],"various":[164],"aspects":[165],"demand,":[168],"we":[169],"still":[171],"only":[172],"beginning":[173],"understand":[175],"these":[177],"demands":[178],"vary,":[179],"interact,":[180],"covary":[182],"naturalistic":[184],"APPLICATION:":[186],"findings":[188],"methodological":[193],"theoretical":[195],"implications":[196],"human":[198],"research":[200],"development":[204],"distraction":[206],"monitoring":[207],"in-vehicle":[209],"system":[210],"testing.":[211],"Distraction":[212],"detection":[213],"algorithms":[214],"testing":[216],"guidelines":[217],"should":[218],"consider":[219],"variability":[221],"drivers'":[223],"situational":[224],"individual":[226],"capacity.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
