{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091475701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820959958","title":"Measuring Driver Perception: Combining Eye-Tracking and Automated Road Scene Perception","display_name":"Measuring Driver Perception: Combining Eye-Tracking and Automated Road Scene Perception","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091475701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820959958","mag":"3091475701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32993382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720820959958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820959958","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720820959958","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720820959958","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040159820","display_name":"Jork Stapel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8445-1014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jork Stapel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8445-1014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088322502","display_name":"Mounir el Hassnaoui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mounir El Hassnaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002136525","display_name":"Riender Happee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-3472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riender Happee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040159820"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94105564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"4","first_page":"714","last_page":"731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.5996999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.5996999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.11779999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.06800000369548798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8380666971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.7446690201759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7312361001968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7030766010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5311058163642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4986708164215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.49723318219184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48776084184646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4804089367389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.41318508982658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3893841803073883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29764217138290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2589944005012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18554937839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06956982612609863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8380666971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.7446690201759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7312361001968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7030766010284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5311058163642883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4986708164215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.49723318219184875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48776084184646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4804089367389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.41318508982658386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3893841803073883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29764217138290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2589944005012512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18554937839508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06956982612609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720820959958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820959958","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720820959958","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32993382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32993382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:tud:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:23f16564-763e-4fbd-b502-fe76b6f6cd0c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23f16564-763e-4fbd-b502-fe76b6f6cd0c","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:23f16564-763e-4fbd-b502-fe76b6f6cd0c","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: the journal of the human factors and ergonomics society, 64 (2022)(4)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9136390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9136390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Hum Factors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720820959958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820959958","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0018720820959958","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8940357559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"STW#13712","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334893","funder_display_name":"Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334893","display_name":"Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen","ror":"https://ror.org/057tq3593"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3091475701.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W419275050","https://openalex.org/W655293066","https://openalex.org/W1555912304","https://openalex.org/W1722810088","https://openalex.org/W1967886434","https://openalex.org/W1980832965","https://openalex.org/W1983444473","https://openalex.org/W1997855139","https://openalex.org/W2003004992","https://openalex.org/W2031447035","https://openalex.org/W2032085024","https://openalex.org/W2033149890","https://openalex.org/W2034172541","https://openalex.org/W2065808876","https://openalex.org/W2069757512","https://openalex.org/W2074212320","https://openalex.org/W2077439736","https://openalex.org/W2101415982","https://openalex.org/W2110017066","https://openalex.org/W2118494020","https://openalex.org/W2131759478","https://openalex.org/W2137669830","https://openalex.org/W2139306958","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2153310670","https://openalex.org/W2164558494","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2304933019","https://openalex.org/W2460363796","https://openalex.org/W2465657778","https://openalex.org/W2480570568","https://openalex.org/W2499628997","https://openalex.org/W2551093887","https://openalex.org/W2611536443","https://openalex.org/W2617207308","https://openalex.org/W2741528495","https://openalex.org/W2763326702","https://openalex.org/W2763810457","https://openalex.org/W2789244099","https://openalex.org/W2793567570","https://openalex.org/W2804234194","https://openalex.org/W2887806157","https://openalex.org/W2890111764","https://openalex.org/W2905388205","https://openalex.org/W2942732546","https://openalex.org/W2967549667","https://openalex.org/W2970816301","https://openalex.org/W2977055143","https://openalex.org/W3082564472","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4244614157","https://openalex.org/W4247832998","https://openalex.org/W4248812721","https://openalex.org/W4295196781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079577662","https://openalex.org/W2891498671","https://openalex.org/W4384434815","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W1970967781","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W2067543086","https://openalex.org/W1701036363","https://openalex.org/W3095090310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"investigate":[2],"how":[3,31],"well":[4,172],"gaze":[5,33,170],"behavior":[6,119],"can":[7,187],"indicate":[8],"driver":[9,32,49,191,200],"awareness":[10,35,51,158,183,194],"of":[11,36,48,75,89,93,103,108,129,135,159,198],"individual":[12,160],"road":[13,20,38,77,95,110,122,136,161],"users":[14,78,96,111,137,162],"when":[15],"related":[16],"to":[17,29,100,149],"the":[18,104,116,127,130],"vehicle's":[19],"scene":[21],"perception.":[22],"BACKGROUND:":[23],"An":[24],"appropriate":[25],"method":[26,45],"is":[27],"required":[28],"identify":[30,157],"reveals":[34],"other":[37],"users.":[39],"METHOD:":[40],"We":[41],"developed":[42],"a":[43,54],"recognition-based":[44],"for":[46,87,182],"labeling":[47],"situation":[50],"(SA)":[52],"in":[53,190],"vehicle":[55],"with":[56],"road-scene":[57],"perception":[58],"and":[59,72,91,97,106,193,196],"eye":[60],"tracking.":[61],"Thirteen":[62],"drivers":[63],"performed":[64],"91":[65],"left":[66,164],"turns":[67],"on":[68],"complex":[69],"urban":[70],"intersections":[71],"identified":[73],"images":[74],"encountered":[76],"among":[79],"distractor":[80],"images.":[81],"RESULTS:":[82],"Drivers":[83],"fixated":[84],"within":[85],"2\u00b0":[86],"72.8%":[88],"relevant":[90,105],"27.8%":[92],"irrelevant":[94,109],"were":[98,141],"able":[99],"recognize":[101],"36.1%":[102],"19.4%":[107],"one":[112],"min":[113],"after":[114],"leaving":[115],"intersection.":[117],"Gaze":[118],"could":[120,156],"predict":[121],"user":[123],"relevance":[124],"but":[125],"not":[126],"outcome":[128],"recognition":[131,151,154],"task.":[132],"Unexpectedly,":[133],"18%":[134],"observed":[138],"beyond":[139,173],"10\u00b0":[140],"recognized.":[142],"CONCLUSIONS:":[143],"Despite":[144],"suboptimal":[145],"psychometric":[146],"properties":[147],"leading":[148],"low":[150],"rates,":[152],"our":[153],"task":[155],"during":[163],"turn":[165],"maneuvers.":[166],"Perception":[167],"occurred":[168],"at":[169],"angles":[171],"2\u00b0,":[174],"which":[175],"means":[176],"that":[177],"fixation":[178],"locations":[179],"are":[180],"insufficient":[181],"monitoring.":[184],"APPLICATION:":[185],"Findings":[186],"be":[188],"used":[189],"attention":[192],"modelling,":[195],"design":[197],"gaze-based":[199],"support":[201],"systems.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
