{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969427008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181","title":"The Benefits and Costs of Low and High Degree of Automation","display_name":"The Benefits and Costs of Low and High Degree of Automation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969427008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181","mag":"2969427008","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819867181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020462959","display_name":"Monica Tatasciore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-0225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Monica Tatasciore","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7290-0225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007682772","display_name":"Vanessa K. Bowden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-3400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa K. Bowden","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078474318","display_name":"Troy A. W. Visser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-2263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Troy A. W. Visser","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3960-2263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100753358","display_name":"Stephanie Michailovs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-6692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steph I. C. Michailovs","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6767-6692","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004939155","display_name":"Shayne Loft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5434-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shayne Loft","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020462959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0671,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79833054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"6","first_page":"874","last_page":"896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.883899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.883899986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.73219895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5060209631919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.33375149965286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3235280513763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2350766956806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07864454388618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.0566764771938324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.73219895362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5060209631919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33375149965286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3235280513763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2350766956806183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07864454388618469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0566764771938324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819867181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31424968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/55f57d66-8e72-448b-a9a1-a750b22671f2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85071451438&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402492","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tatasciore , M , Bowden , V K , Visser , T A W , Michailovs , S I C & Loft , S 2020 , ' The Benefits and Costs of Low and High Degree of Automation ' , Human Factors , vol. 62 , no. 6 , pp. 874-896 . https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819867181","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3300696419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP160100575","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490384990","https://openalex.org/W1570321471","https://openalex.org/W1979004942","https://openalex.org/W1993266153","https://openalex.org/W1993363650","https://openalex.org/W1996728935","https://openalex.org/W2004805246","https://openalex.org/W2010273961","https://openalex.org/W2063052894","https://openalex.org/W2069757512","https://openalex.org/W2091455316","https://openalex.org/W2108104830","https://openalex.org/W2110171129","https://openalex.org/W2110904981","https://openalex.org/W2123179704","https://openalex.org/W2126207540","https://openalex.org/W2127333783","https://openalex.org/W2133705455","https://openalex.org/W2135556086","https://openalex.org/W2155830908","https://openalex.org/W2165041900","https://openalex.org/W2192201333","https://openalex.org/W2411073059","https://openalex.org/W2504485779","https://openalex.org/W2574287525","https://openalex.org/W2627036237","https://openalex.org/W2767094544","https://openalex.org/W4231715708","https://openalex.org/W4300870773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2399035783","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W3161230432","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1],"objective":[2],"of":[3,11,16,91,221,229],"this":[4,164],"study":[5],"is":[6],"to":[7,85,123,139,167,173,204],"examine":[8],"the":[9,87,110,218,224,227],"effects":[10],"low":[12,126,143,168,179,212,234],"and":[13,26,36,47,52,89,98,134,142,149,197,226],"high":[14,101,145,181,187,236],"degree":[15],"automation":[17,68,112,141],"(DOA)":[18],"on":[19],"performance,":[20],"subjective":[21],"workload,":[22,199],"situation":[23],"awareness":[24],"(SA),":[25],"return-to-manual":[27,53,174,207,230],"control":[28,54,66,175],"in":[29,109,223],"simulated":[30],"submarine":[31,78],"track":[32,79,86],"management.":[33],"BACKGROUND:":[34],"Theory":[35],"meta-analytic":[37],"evidence":[38],"suggest":[39],"that":[40,59,82],"as":[41],"DOA":[42,94,102,127,146,153,182,188,194],"increases,":[43],"operator":[44],"performance":[45,130,148,158,196,208],"improves":[46],"workload":[48],"decreases,":[49],"but":[50,131,163],"SA":[51,133,205],"declines.":[55],"Research":[56],"also":[57],"suggests":[58],"operators":[60],"have":[61],"particular":[62],"difficulty":[63],"regaining":[64],"manual":[65],"if":[67],"provides":[69],"incorrect":[70,119,190],"advice.":[71,120,191],"METHOD:":[72],"Undergraduate":[73],"student":[74],"participants":[75],"completed":[76],"a":[77,106],"management":[80],"task":[81,136,157],"required":[83],"them":[84],"position":[88],"behavior":[90],"contacts.":[92],"Low":[93],"supported":[95],"information":[96],"acquisition":[97],"analysis,":[99],"whereas":[100],"recommended":[103],"decisions.":[104],"At":[105],"late":[107],"stage":[108],"task,":[111],"was":[113,165,183],"either":[114],"unexpectedly":[115],"removed":[116],"or":[117,180,185,206,235],"provided":[118,189],"RESULTS:":[121],"Relative":[122,138],"no":[124,140,161,201],"automation,":[125,162],"moderately":[128],"benefited":[129,147],"impaired":[132],"non-automated":[135,156],"performance.":[137],"DOA,":[144],"lowered":[150,198],"workload.":[151],"High":[152,193],"did":[154],"impair":[155],"compared":[159,210],"with":[160,211],"equivalent":[166],"DOA.":[169,213,237],"Participants":[170],"were":[171],"able":[172],"when":[176,186,209],"they":[177],"knew":[178],"disengaged,":[184],"CONCLUSION:":[192],"improved":[195],"at":[200],"additional":[202],"cost":[203],"APPLICATION:":[214],"Designers":[215],"should":[216],"consider":[217],"likely":[219],"level":[220],"uncertainty":[222],"environment":[225],"consequences":[228],"deficits":[231],"before":[232],"implementing":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T06:04:40.494371","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}