{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2931905656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819836310","title":"The Effect of Partial Automation on Driver Attention: A Naturalistic Driving Study","display_name":"The Effect of Partial Automation on Driver Attention: A Naturalistic Driving Study","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2931905656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819836310","mag":"2931905656","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819836310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819836310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051246719","display_name":"John Gaspar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1106-2488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gaspar","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083340272","display_name":"Cher Carney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cher Carney","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083340272"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.741,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98689313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"8","first_page":"1261","last_page":"1276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9491000175476074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9491000175476074,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.024000000208616257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.7912052273750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autopilot","display_name":"Autopilot","score":0.6644771695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4458657503128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-attention","display_name":"Visual attention","score":0.4251613914966583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.37633925676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3573375344276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.3419908285140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20509088039398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.09262436628341675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.7912052273750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18020424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220858","display_name":"Autopilot","level":2,"score":0.6644771695137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4458657503128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986089797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501338","display_name":"Visual attention","level":3,"score":0.4251613914966583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37633925676345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3573375344276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3419908285140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20509088039398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.09262436628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014796","descriptor_name":"Visual Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819836310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819836310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30920852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1441071590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226995","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334454","funder_display_name":"Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334454","display_name":"Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W116278252","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1963490115","https://openalex.org/W1967487948","https://openalex.org/W1979004942","https://openalex.org/W1980213106","https://openalex.org/W1990414598","https://openalex.org/W1996728935","https://openalex.org/W2003498135","https://openalex.org/W2007567868","https://openalex.org/W2032648383","https://openalex.org/W2035003741","https://openalex.org/W2040084091","https://openalex.org/W2047330669","https://openalex.org/W2074331253","https://openalex.org/W2092362783","https://openalex.org/W2124853884","https://openalex.org/W2153619684","https://openalex.org/W2180794161","https://openalex.org/W2269180692","https://openalex.org/W2567567369","https://openalex.org/W2568458040","https://openalex.org/W2569012849","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2776300113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2528333064","https://openalex.org/W2357122534","https://openalex.org/W2148668825","https://openalex.org/W2159456118","https://openalex.org/W4287557383","https://openalex.org/W2268481623","https://openalex.org/W2169677720","https://openalex.org/W2350405024","https://openalex.org/W3112224989","https://openalex.org/W2366123023"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"This":[1,25],"naturalistic":[2],"driving":[3,110,180],"study":[4],"investigated":[5],"how":[6,50],"drivers":[7,38,51,150,189],"deploy":[8],"visual":[9,131,177],"attention":[10,132,178],"in":[11,27],"a":[12,71,83,94,164,171],"partially":[13,54,218],"automated":[14,55,219],"vehicle.":[15],"BACKGROUND:":[16],"Vehicle":[17],"automation":[18,28,148],"is":[19,46],"rapidly":[20],"increasing":[21],"across":[22],"vehicle":[23,56,183],"fleets.":[24],"increase":[26],"will":[29],"likely":[30],"have":[31],"both":[32,98],"positive":[33],"and":[34,58,100,119,141,155,199],"negative":[35],"consequences":[36],"as":[37,103,105],"learn":[39],"to":[40,48,91,122,194,203],"use":[41,92],"the":[42,112,134,142,174],"new":[43,61],"technology.":[44],"Research":[45],"needed":[47],"understand":[49],"interact":[52],"with":[53,163,181,206],"systems":[57],"what":[59],"impact":[60],"technology":[62],"has":[63],"on":[64,82,111],"driver":[65],"attention.":[66],"METHOD:":[67],"Ten":[68],"participants":[69],"drove":[70],"Tesla":[72],"Model":[73],"S":[74],"for":[75,217],"1":[76],"week":[77],"during":[78],"their":[79,130],"daily":[80],"commute":[81],"stretch":[84],"of":[85,138,176,201],"busy":[86],"interstate.":[87,113],"Drivers":[88,127],"were":[89,117],"instructed":[90],"Autopilot,":[93],"system":[95],"that":[96,188],"provides":[97],"lateral":[99],"longitudinal":[101],"control,":[102],"much":[104],"they":[106],"felt":[107],"comfortable":[108],"while":[109,179],"Driver-facing":[114],"video":[115],"data":[116],"recorded":[118],"manually":[120],"reduced":[121],"examine":[123],"glance":[124,139,165],"behavior.":[125],"RESULTS:":[126],"primarily":[128],"allocated":[129],"between":[133],"forward":[135],"roadway":[136],"(74%":[137],"time)":[140],"instrument":[143],"panel":[144],"(13%).":[145],"With":[146],"partial":[147,182,207],"engaged,":[149],"made":[151],"longer":[152,157],"single":[153],"glances":[154,198,202],"had":[156],"maximum":[158],"total-eyes-off-road":[159],"time":[160],"(TEORT)":[161],"associated":[162],"cluster.":[166],"CONCLUSION:":[167],"These":[168],"results":[169,186],"provide":[170],"window":[172],"into":[173],"nature":[175],"automation.":[184,208],"The":[185,209],"suggest":[187],"may":[190],"be":[191],"more":[192],"willing":[193],"execute":[195],"long,":[196],"\"outlier\"":[197],"clusters":[200],"off-road":[204],"locations":[205],"findings":[210],"highlight":[211],"several":[212],"important":[213],"human":[214],"factors":[215],"considerations":[216],"vehicles.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}