{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922589286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819831517","title":"Beyond Fitts\u2019s Law: A Three-Phase Model Predicts Movement Time to Position an Object in an Immersive 3D Virtual Environment","display_name":"Beyond Fitts\u2019s Law: A Three-Phase Model Predicts Movement Time to Position an Object in an Immersive 3D Virtual Environment","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922589286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819831517","mag":"2922589286","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30912987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819831517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819831517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077130548","display_name":"Cheng-Long Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9261-2818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Long Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peng Geng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101486084","display_name":"Yifei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8495-5856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Fei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050595817","display_name":"Shu\u2010Guang Kuai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-7338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shu-Guang Kuai","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8566-7338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050595817"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88627451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"6","first_page":"879","last_page":"894"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.4429999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.4429999887943268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.31470000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.03539999946951866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fittss-law","display_name":"Fitts's law","score":0.7963191270828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6415778398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-image","display_name":"Virtual image","score":0.5781546831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.5438246726989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5438204407691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5436569452285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.49363505840301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.48405522108078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4377995729446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.4297792315483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.4239717423915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40892019867897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32604947686195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1780407428741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12076333165168762}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159842133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137548","display_name":"Fitts's law","level":3,"score":0.7963191270828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6415778398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51970089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44415","display_name":"Virtual image","level":2,"score":0.5781546831130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.5438246726989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5438204407691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5436569452285767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.49363505840301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.48405522108078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4377995729446411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.4297792315483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.4239717423915863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40892019867897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32604947686195374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1780407428741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12076333165168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003654","descriptor_name":"Deceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003654","descriptor_name":"Deceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003654","descriptor_name":"Deceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009043","descriptor_name":"Motor Activity","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819831517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819831517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30912987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30912987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2474762539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0401203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8082173930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 31571160","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132438265","https://openalex.org/W1847964983","https://openalex.org/W1975988338","https://openalex.org/W1980519917","https://openalex.org/W1999844606","https://openalex.org/W2001789161","https://openalex.org/W2003987904","https://openalex.org/W2007502700","https://openalex.org/W2019532529","https://openalex.org/W2023715293","https://openalex.org/W2027133817","https://openalex.org/W2029047147","https://openalex.org/W2030891297","https://openalex.org/W2031740512","https://openalex.org/W2041812258","https://openalex.org/W2042751882","https://openalex.org/W2047856780","https://openalex.org/W2056706392","https://openalex.org/W2065901914","https://openalex.org/W2081167820","https://openalex.org/W2111204873","https://openalex.org/W2122297397","https://openalex.org/W2126306965","https://openalex.org/W2126889951","https://openalex.org/W2127544967","https://openalex.org/W2135101375","https://openalex.org/W2156358275","https://openalex.org/W2161278853","https://openalex.org/W2171749759","https://openalex.org/W2188805940","https://openalex.org/W2320814764","https://openalex.org/W2532372538","https://openalex.org/W2573054863","https://openalex.org/W2600820578","https://openalex.org/W2605128753","https://openalex.org/W2756846717","https://openalex.org/W2911967907","https://openalex.org/W4239127880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039884195","https://openalex.org/W2355744761","https://openalex.org/W2067828477","https://openalex.org/W2277297747","https://openalex.org/W2120077540","https://openalex.org/W2402466229","https://openalex.org/W2056660114","https://openalex.org/W579688499","https://openalex.org/W4367662596","https://openalex.org/W2080298447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1],"study":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,7,41,65,71,98,127,144,155,206,216,241],"factors":[5],"determining":[6],"movement":[8,106,141,152],"time":[9],"(MT)":[10],"of":[11,67],"positioning":[12,52,72,207,242],"an":[13,16,23,55,210],"object":[14,24,68,82,103,135],"in":[15,33,54,70,87,97,118,205,209,215,244],"immersive":[17,56,211],"3D":[18,35,57,212,238],"virtual":[19,58,89,213,246],"environment.":[20],"BACKGROUND:":[21],"Positioning":[22],"into":[25,83],"a":[26,30,34,51,80,84,88,92,172,181,227,245],"prescribed":[27],"area":[28,86],"is":[29],"fundamental":[31],"operation":[32],"space.":[36,247],"Although":[37],"Fitts's":[38],"law":[39],"models":[40],"pointing":[42],"task":[43,53,208,243],"very":[44,195],"well,":[45],"it":[46,61],"does":[47,62],"not":[48,63],"apply":[49],"to":[50,78,134,140,234],"environment":[59,214],"since":[60],"consider":[64],"effect":[66],"size":[69,104,136],"task.":[73],"METHOD:":[74],"Participants":[75],"were":[76],"asked":[77],"position":[79],"ball-shaped":[81],"spherical":[85],"space":[90],"using":[91],"handheld":[93,173],"or":[94,175],"head-tracking":[95,176],"controller":[96,174],"ray-casting":[99],"technique.":[100],"We":[101,165,178],"varied":[102],"(OS),":[105],"amplitude":[107],"(A),":[108],"and":[109,116,123,137,219,232,236],"target":[110],"tolerance":[111],"(TT).":[112],"MT":[113,130,147,158,204],"was":[114,131,148,159],"recorded":[115],"analyzed":[117],"three":[119,163],"phases:":[120],"acceleration,":[121,217],"deceleration,":[122,218],"correction.":[124],"RESULTS:":[125],"In":[126,143,154],"acceleration":[128],"phase,":[129,146,157],"inversely":[132],"related":[133],"positively":[138],"proportional":[139],"amplitude.":[142,153],"deceleration":[145],"primarily":[149],"determined":[150],"by":[151,161],"correction":[156,220],"affected":[160],"all":[162],"factors.":[164],"observed":[166],"similar":[167],"results":[168],"whether":[169],"participants":[170],"used":[171],"controller.":[177],"thus":[179],"propose":[180],"three-phase":[182,199],"model":[183,191,200,225],"with":[184],"different":[185],"formulae":[186],"at":[187],"each":[188],"phase.":[189],"This":[190],"fit":[192],"participants'":[193],"performance":[194],"well.":[196],"CONCLUSION:":[197],"A":[198],"can":[201],"successfully":[202],"predict":[203],"phases,":[221],"separately.":[222],"APPLICATION:":[223],"Our":[224],"provides":[226],"quantitative":[228],"framework":[229],"for":[230,240],"researchers":[231],"designers":[233],"design":[235],"evaluate":[237],"interfaces":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}