{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920646873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819830553","title":"Cardiac Measures of Cognitive Workload: A Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Cardiac Measures of Cognitive Workload: A Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920646873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819830553","mag":"2920646873","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819830553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819830553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084447379","display_name":"Ashley M. Hughes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-3396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashley M. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Chicago, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Chicago, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111442050","display_name":"Gabriella M. Hancock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59897056","display_name":"California State University, Long Beach","ror":"https://ror.org/0080fxk18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriella M. Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University, Long Beach, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University, Long Beach, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59897056"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049595308","display_name":"Shannon L. Marlow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0591-1762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shannon L. Marlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at San Antonio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at San Antonio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050711501","display_name":"Kimberly Stowers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-6827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Stowers","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119670032","display_name":"Eduardo Salas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6837-2471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Salas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084447379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98909972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"3","first_page":"393","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6725999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.6725999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.04699999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.04089999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.9289757013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6383036971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5920088887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4977903366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-analysis","score":0.49081286787986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.4586903750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.4458690583705902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33613353967666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.27226391434669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16747790575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0916806161403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.08932814002037048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.9289757013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6383036971092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5920088887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4977903366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.49081286787986755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.4586903750896454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.4458690583705902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33613353967666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.27226391434669495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16747790575027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0916806161403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.08932814002037048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720819830553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819830553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30822151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30822151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5584520709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX15AR28G","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310133","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6993952","https://openalex.org/W159274141","https://openalex.org/W215134883","https://openalex.org/W334475495","https://openalex.org/W353969517","https://openalex.org/W646414468","https://openalex.org/W1513993824","https://openalex.org/W1528251861","https://openalex.org/W1571144263","https://openalex.org/W1907557225","https://openalex.org/W1923768617","https://openalex.org/W1963910206","https://openalex.org/W1964774213","https://openalex.org/W1965116150","https://openalex.org/W1966490849","https://openalex.org/W1967202115","https://openalex.org/W1967487948","https://openalex.org/W1969411569","https://openalex.org/W1970671664","https://openalex.org/W1976961007","https://openalex.org/W1980541833","https://openalex.org/W1981013414","https://openalex.org/W1983088951","https://openalex.org/W1983670828","https://openalex.org/W1985087241","https://openalex.org/W1990878541","https://openalex.org/W1992353573","https://openalex.org/W1993995406","https://openalex.org/W1996836253","https://openalex.org/W1998545945","https://openalex.org/W1998659264","https://openalex.org/W1999053831","https://openalex.org/W2001994632","https://openalex.org/W2003608723","https://openalex.org/W2014187557","https://openalex.org/W2017427280","https://openalex.org/W2018259906","https://openalex.org/W2021141425","https://openalex.org/W2022490769","https://openalex.org/W2026291954","https://openalex.org/W2027109959","https://openalex.org/W2030391312","https://openalex.org/W2032888175","https://openalex.org/W2035502322","https://openalex.org/W2040537822","https://openalex.org/W2042683370","https://openalex.org/W2043141179","https://openalex.org/W2044387399","https://openalex.org/W2047561851","https://openalex.org/W2048196713","https://openalex.org/W2049942389","https://openalex.org/W2051259967","https://openalex.org/W2051610335","https://openalex.org/W2053823223","https://openalex.org/W2057568313","https://openalex.org/W2058422487","https://openalex.org/W2058662659","https://openalex.org/W2059005002","https://openalex.org/W2061290640","https://openalex.org/W2068265161","https://openalex.org/W2072162333","https://openalex.org/W2072365715","https://openalex.org/W2074493025","https://openalex.org/W2076029586","https://openalex.org/W2076771281","https://openalex.org/W2082134222","https://openalex.org/W2087376663","https://openalex.org/W2087648220","https://openalex.org/W2098548992","https://openalex.org/W2098786639","https://openalex.org/W2099506356","https://openalex.org/W2100089210","https://openalex.org/W2101460838","https://openalex.org/W2103216055","https://openalex.org/W2107995465","https://openalex.org/W2119453775","https://openalex.org/W2121573480","https://openalex.org/W2126248210","https://openalex.org/W2127075729","https://openalex.org/W2129825373","https://openalex.org/W2135400705","https://openalex.org/W2136486743","https://openalex.org/W2143474545","https://openalex.org/W2144911090","https://openalex.org/W2152905082","https://openalex.org/W2154265360","https://openalex.org/W2158143447","https://openalex.org/W2171618236","https://openalex.org/W2178346721","https://openalex.org/W2268684144","https://openalex.org/W2316800292","https://openalex.org/W2326562523","https://openalex.org/W2395644623","https://openalex.org/W2483764005","https://openalex.org/W2489111096","https://openalex.org/W2516612681","https://openalex.org/W2521653888","https://openalex.org/W2757336763","https://openalex.org/W3150499043","https://openalex.org/W4238524038","https://openalex.org/W4239244972","https://openalex.org/W4247950855","https://openalex.org/W4254904989","https://openalex.org/W4297918764","https://openalex.org/W4298189948","https://openalex.org/W4300535372"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2980819166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"We":[1,17,107],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,20,91,104,114,122,142,152,168,176,223,245,258],"provide":[4,92],"an":[5],"assessment":[6,183,232],"of":[7,10,27,97,100,135,156,163,172,184,199,212,233],"the":[8,22,34,116,170,197,217],"impact":[9],"workload":[11,29,47,67,102,144,186,235],"manipulations":[12],"on":[13,216],"various":[14,191],"cardiac":[15,69,98,119,136,192],"measurements.":[16],"further":[18],"sought":[19,90],"determine":[21],"most":[23,41],"effective":[24,42],"measurement":[25],"approaches":[26],"cognitive":[28,66,80,101,143,185,234],"as":[30,32],"well":[31],"quantify":[33,115,169],"conditions":[35,155,247],"under":[36,248],"which":[37,75,249],"these":[38],"measures":[39,120,149,203],"are":[40,251],"for":[43,230],"interpretation.":[44],"BACKGROUND:":[45],"Cognitive":[46],"affects":[48],"human":[49],"performance,":[50],"particularly":[51],"when":[52],"load":[53,124],"is":[54,72],"relatively":[55],"high":[56],"(overload)":[57],"or":[58],"low":[59],"(underload).":[60],"Despite":[61],"ongoing":[62],"interest":[63],"in":[64,118,140],"assessing":[65],"through":[68],"measures,":[70],"it":[71],"currently":[73],"unclear":[74],"cardiac-based":[76],"assessments":[77],"best":[78,252],"indicate":[79],"workload.":[81,178],"Although":[82],"several":[83,133],"quantitative":[84],"studies":[85],"and":[86,110,159,201,206,219,238],"qualitative":[87],"reviews":[88],"have":[89],"guidance,":[93],"no":[94],"meta-analytic":[95,112],"integration":[96],"assessment(s)":[99],"exists":[103],"date.":[105],"METHOD:":[106],"used":[108],"Morris":[109],"DeShon's":[111],"procedures":[113],"changes":[117],"due":[121],"task":[123,153,160],"conditions.":[125],"RESULTS:":[126],"Sample-weighted":[127],"Cohen's":[128],"d":[129],"values":[130],"suggest":[131,181],"that":[132,182],"metrics":[134,175],"activity":[137,193],"demonstrate":[138],"sensitivity":[139,151],"response":[141],"manipulations.":[145],"Heart":[146],"rate":[147],"variability":[148],"show":[150],"load,":[154],"event":[157],"rate,":[158],"duration.":[161],"Authors":[162],"future":[164,231],"work":[165],"should":[166,208,243],"seek":[167,244],"utility":[171],"leveraging":[173],"multiple":[174],"understand":[177],"CONCLUSION:":[179],"Results":[180],"can":[187],"be":[188],"done":[189],"using":[190],"indicators.":[194],"Further,":[195],"given":[196],"number":[198],"valid":[200],"reliable":[202],"available,":[204],"researchers":[205],"practitioners":[207],"base":[209],"their":[210,224],"selection":[211],"a":[213],"psychophysiological":[214],"measure":[215],"experimental":[218],"practical":[220],"concerns":[221],"inherent":[222],"task/protocol.":[225],"APPLICATIONS:":[226],"Findings":[227],"bear":[228],"implications":[229],"within":[236],"basic":[237],"applied":[239],"settings.":[240],"Future":[241],"research":[242],"validate":[246],"measurements":[250],"interpreted,":[253],"including":[254],"but":[255],"not":[256],"limited":[257],"individual":[259],"differences.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-02T06:04:40.494371","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}