{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904707672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818809590","title":"Workload and Performance: Associations, Insensitivities, and Dissociations","display_name":"Workload and Performance: Associations, Insensitivities, and Dissociations","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904707672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818809590","mag":"2904707672","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521400"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720818809590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818809590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007652754","display_name":"Peter A. Hancock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4936-066X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. A. Hancock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101575317","display_name":"Gerald Matthews","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007652754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.3852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":136,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99193903,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"3","first_page":"374","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7540000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7540000081062317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.026799999177455902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.8842414021492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extant-taxon","display_name":"Extant taxon","score":0.782821536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.6123732924461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.5906281471252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5799527168273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.5622224807739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissociation","display_name":"Dissociation (chemistry)","score":0.5597746968269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.47932541370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4521038234233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association","display_name":"Association (psychology)","score":0.4353470206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.4203372299671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3961760997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.3614766001701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.34480446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12026798725128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09238532185554504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.8842414021492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178300618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1898509","display_name":"Extant taxon","level":2,"score":0.782821536064148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6123732924461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5906281471252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5799527168273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.5622224807739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102931765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189673","display_name":"Dissociation (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5597746968269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.47932541370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4521038234233856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4353470206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4203372299671173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3961760997772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3614766001701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.34480446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12026798725128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09238532185554504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057566","descriptor_name":"Self Report","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057566","descriptor_name":"Self Report","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057566","descriptor_name":"Self Report","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720818809590","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818809590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30521400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178209047","https://openalex.org/W602655819","https://openalex.org/W609440162","https://openalex.org/W1489143527","https://openalex.org/W1500510638","https://openalex.org/W1526547966","https://openalex.org/W1809125706","https://openalex.org/W1905033271","https://openalex.org/W1907557225","https://openalex.org/W1928741909","https://openalex.org/W1965160312","https://openalex.org/W1970027102","https://openalex.org/W1972604491","https://openalex.org/W1991623514","https://openalex.org/W1996551642","https://openalex.org/W1999053831","https://openalex.org/W2003853792","https://openalex.org/W2006555980","https://openalex.org/W2016197222","https://openalex.org/W2018383914","https://openalex.org/W2021141425","https://openalex.org/W2025791332","https://openalex.org/W2027856458","https://openalex.org/W2028730482","https://openalex.org/W2030441548","https://openalex.org/W2034180449","https://openalex.org/W2036755262","https://openalex.org/W2040216239","https://openalex.org/W2043922605","https://openalex.org/W2048121486","https://openalex.org/W2052814621","https://openalex.org/W2056699334","https://openalex.org/W2060019911","https://openalex.org/W2063705912","https://openalex.org/W2065340335","https://openalex.org/W2071416362","https://openalex.org/W2076840219","https://openalex.org/W2076883103","https://openalex.org/W2077609231","https://openalex.org/W2078514039","https://openalex.org/W2093467644","https://openalex.org/W2093480412","https://openalex.org/W2094493170","https://openalex.org/W2094533570","https://openalex.org/W2114226289","https://openalex.org/W2118693343","https://openalex.org/W2129825373","https://openalex.org/W2152905082","https://openalex.org/W2155919074","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2161644315","https://openalex.org/W2165869129","https://openalex.org/W2176694872","https://openalex.org/W2268684144","https://openalex.org/W2366977270","https://openalex.org/W2473771920","https://openalex.org/W2489432553","https://openalex.org/W2490857485","https://openalex.org/W2494487601","https://openalex.org/W2505958339","https://openalex.org/W2512870468","https://openalex.org/W2515141312","https://openalex.org/W2519505297","https://openalex.org/W2583932032","https://openalex.org/W2610671969","https://openalex.org/W2621145722","https://openalex.org/W2743039782","https://openalex.org/W2810015104","https://openalex.org/W2992247793","https://openalex.org/W4205632340","https://openalex.org/W4213283813","https://openalex.org/W4232619835","https://openalex.org/W4236814579","https://openalex.org/W4238699198","https://openalex.org/W4239127880","https://openalex.org/W4248615736","https://openalex.org/W4251964982","https://openalex.org/W4254808929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016239368","https://openalex.org/W2402755139","https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W1480123525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,107],"aim":[2],"of":[3,26,48,63,120,135,166,177,204],"this":[4],"study":[5],"was":[6],"to":[7,39,59,80,90,95,104,117,181,200],"distill":[8],"and":[9,20,29,85,113,143,149,160,170,190,195],"define":[10],"those":[11],"influences":[12],"under":[13],"which":[14],"change":[15,97],"in":[16,98,179],"objective":[17],"performance":[18,65,100],"level":[19],"the":[21,61,75,96,118,130,197],"linked":[22],"cognitive":[23],"workload":[24,72,136,205],"reflections":[25,203],"subjective":[27],"experience":[28],"physiological":[30,57,86],"variation":[31],"either":[32],"associate,":[33],"dissociate,":[34],"or":[35,92],"are":[36,74,93,115,145,168],"insensitive,":[37],"one":[38],"another.":[40],"BACKGROUND:":[41],"Human":[42],"factors/ergonomics":[43],"frequently":[44,153],"employs":[45],"users'":[46],"self-reports":[47],"their":[49,56,140],"own":[50],"conscious":[51],"experience,":[52],"as":[53,55,185,199],"well":[54],"reactivity,":[58],"augment":[60],"understanding":[62,196],"changing":[64],"capacity.":[66],"Under":[67],"some":[68],"circumstances,":[69],"these":[70,110,164],"latter":[71],"responses":[73,87],"only":[76],"available":[77],"assessment":[78],"information":[79],"hand.":[81],"How":[82],"such":[83],"perceptions":[84],"match,":[88,91],"fail":[89],"insensitive":[94],"primary-task":[99],"can":[101,207],"prove":[102],"critical":[103],"operational":[105,211],"success.":[106,212],"reasons":[108,162],"underlying":[109],"associations,":[111],"dissociations,":[112],"insensitivities":[114,150],"central":[116],"success":[119],"future":[121,188],"effective":[122],"human-machine":[123],"interaction.":[124],"METHOD:":[125],"Using":[126],"extant":[127,155],"research":[128],"on":[129],"relations":[131],"between":[132],"differing":[133],"methods":[134],"assessment,":[137],"factors":[138],"influencing":[139],"association,":[141],"dissociation,":[142],"insensitivity":[144],"identified.":[146],"RESULTS:":[147],"Dissociations":[148],"occur":[151],"more":[152],"than":[154],"explanatory":[156],"theories":[157],"imply.":[158],"Methodological":[159],"conceptual":[161],"for":[163,187],"patterns":[165],"incongruity":[167],"identified":[169],"evaluated.":[171],"APPLICATION:":[172],"We":[173],"often":[174],"seek":[175],"convergence":[176],"results":[178],"order":[180],"provide":[182],"coherent":[183],"explanations":[184],"bases":[186],"prediction":[189],"practical":[191],"design":[192],"implementation.":[193],"Identifying":[194],"causes":[198],"why":[201],"different":[202],"diverge":[206],"help":[208],"practitioners":[209],"toward":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}