{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885410498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818789818","title":"Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Is Effective for Modeling User Behavior Toward Phishing and Spear-Phishing Attacks","display_name":"Signal Detection Theory (SDT) Is Effective for Modeling User Behavior Toward Phishing and Spear-Phishing Attacks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885410498","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818789818","mag":"2885410498","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30063406"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720818789818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818789818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061292714","display_name":"Jaclyn Martin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaclyn Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065048113","display_name":"Chad Dub\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0065-0620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chad Dub\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078718861","display_name":"Michael D. Coovert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3515-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Coovert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061292714"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95520617,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"60","issue":"8","first_page":"1179","last_page":"1191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.9352343082427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5575761795043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spear","display_name":"Spear","score":0.5257207751274109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5193875432014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4353315532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.43355658650398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.40010300278663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.35245317220687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1692562997341156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.9352343082427979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5575761795043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198647972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44475","display_name":"Spear","level":2,"score":0.5257207751274109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5193875432014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4353315532207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43355658650398254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.40010300278663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35245317220687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1692562997341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008192","descriptor_name":"Deception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008192","descriptor_name":"Deception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008192","descriptor_name":"Deception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010551","descriptor_name":"Personality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010551","descriptor_name":"Personality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010551","descriptor_name":"Personality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017603","descriptor_name":"Signal Detection, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017603","descriptor_name":"Signal Detection, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017603","descriptor_name":"Signal Detection, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D034742","descriptor_name":"Electronic Mail","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D034742","descriptor_name":"Electronic Mail","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D034742","descriptor_name":"Electronic Mail","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720818789818","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818789818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30063406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30063406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W359278111","https://openalex.org/W1867435648","https://openalex.org/W1979331392","https://openalex.org/W2006836279","https://openalex.org/W2029827226","https://openalex.org/W2046574044","https://openalex.org/W2049172236","https://openalex.org/W2049392683","https://openalex.org/W2053296072","https://openalex.org/W2057748516","https://openalex.org/W2100261550","https://openalex.org/W2162532690","https://openalex.org/W2197246783","https://openalex.org/W2335888457","https://openalex.org/W2510870740","https://openalex.org/W2533557339","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W4234482113","https://openalex.org/W6622862709"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381517690","https://openalex.org/W1568210390","https://openalex.org/W4393529432","https://openalex.org/W4393495783","https://openalex.org/W4402289603","https://openalex.org/W2883617504","https://openalex.org/W856705858","https://openalex.org/W2385566632","https://openalex.org/W1983923541","https://openalex.org/W934678059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"These":[0],"findings":[1],"support":[2],"the":[3],"viability":[4],"of":[5,38,60],"using":[6],"EVSDT":[7],"to":[8,25],"initially":[9],"assess":[10],"and":[11,35],"subsequently":[12],"monitor":[13],"training":[14],"effectiveness":[15],"for":[16],"phishing":[17,52],"susceptibility,":[18],"thereby":[19],"providing":[20],"measures":[21],"that":[22,65],"are":[23,67],"superior":[24],"more":[26],"intuitive":[27],"metrics,":[28],"which":[29],"typically":[30],"confound":[31],"an":[32],"individual's":[33],"bias":[34],"accuracy.":[36],"Effects":[37],"threat":[39],"level":[40],"mapped":[41],"clearly":[42],"onto":[43],"distribution":[44],"means":[45],"with":[46],"no":[47],"effect":[48],"on":[49],"variances,":[50],"suggesting":[51],"susceptibility":[53],"primarily":[54],"reflects":[55],"temporally":[56],"stable":[57],"discriminative":[58],"characteristics":[59],"observers.":[61],"Notably,":[62],"results":[63],"indicated":[64],"people":[66],"particularly":[68],"poor":[69],"at":[70],"identifying":[71],"spear-phishing":[72],"e-mail":[73],"threats":[74],"(demonstrating":[75],"only":[76],"40%":[77],"accuracy).":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}