{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2186851868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815575149","title":"Assessing Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile","display_name":"Assessing Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2186851868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815575149","mag":"2186851868","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26534847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720815575149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815575149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053686308","display_name":"David L. Strayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1653-730X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David L. Strayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake CityPrecision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, UtahUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake CityUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Padova, Padova, Italy David.Strayer@utah.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake CityPrecision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, UtahUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake CityUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Padova, Padova, Italy David.Strayer@utah.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064921690","display_name":"Jonna Turrill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1741-0797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonna Turrill","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102963132","display_name":"Joel M. Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7789-7704"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel M. Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, Utah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precision Driving Research, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049593057","display_name":"James R. Coleman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James R. Coleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018433051","display_name":"Nathan Medeiros-Ward","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Medeiros-Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081576297","display_name":"Francesco Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5558-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Padova, Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053686308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.3676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":235,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99623052,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"8","first_page":"1300","last_page":"1324"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distraction","display_name":"Distraction","score":0.9697035551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7638975381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.625065803527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-listening","display_name":"Active listening","score":0.5833792686462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5547270178794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distracted-driving","display_name":"Distracted driving","score":0.5150901675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.4600861072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.45499616861343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-multitasking","display_name":"Human multitasking","score":0.45120230317115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44964656233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.443676233291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-factors-and-ergonomics","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","score":0.41624248027801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.388357937335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3294174373149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29152679443359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.17301145195960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-emergency","display_name":"Medical emergency","score":0.13124048709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12826430797576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.07904723286628723}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776378700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030775","display_name":"Distraction","level":2,"score":0.9697035551071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7638975381851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.625065803527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177291462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423038","display_name":"Active listening","level":2,"score":0.5833792686462402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5547270178794861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776465824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283083","display_name":"Distracted driving","level":3,"score":0.5150901675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4600861072540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.45499616861343384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107418235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520565","display_name":"Human multitasking","level":2,"score":0.45120230317115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44964656233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.443676233291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.41624248027801514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.388357937335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3294174373149872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29152679443359375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.17301145195960999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.13124048709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12826430797576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.07904723286628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011930","descriptor_name":"Reaction Time","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720815575149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815575149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26534847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26534847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307501","display_name":"AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/017trqn73"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4865748","https://openalex.org/W13098582","https://openalex.org/W52805938","https://openalex.org/W205696519","https://openalex.org/W213027892","https://openalex.org/W601322659","https://openalex.org/W651799633","https://openalex.org/W798356914","https://openalex.org/W1566142559","https://openalex.org/W1585346472","https://openalex.org/W1606900169","https://openalex.org/W1929391444","https://openalex.org/W1967570549","https://openalex.org/W1974677913","https://openalex.org/W1978273334","https://openalex.org/W1983561474","https://openalex.org/W1985757759","https://openalex.org/W1989748291","https://openalex.org/W1995677537","https://openalex.org/W1997544838","https://openalex.org/W2004210413","https://openalex.org/W2005286302","https://openalex.org/W2018292842","https://openalex.org/W2031861912","https://openalex.org/W2043143027","https://openalex.org/W2048023088","https://openalex.org/W2056766753","https://openalex.org/W2057452172","https://openalex.org/W2059303722","https://openalex.org/W2065277081","https://openalex.org/W2077116682","https://openalex.org/W2080941050","https://openalex.org/W2094136133","https://openalex.org/W2096299001","https://openalex.org/W2106560119","https://openalex.org/W2108335859","https://openalex.org/W2111587852","https://openalex.org/W2115663493","https://openalex.org/W2118166874","https://openalex.org/W2123386666","https://openalex.org/W2125898717","https://openalex.org/W2127875809","https://openalex.org/W2135323959","https://openalex.org/W2140725864","https://openalex.org/W2146019564","https://openalex.org/W2147449244","https://openalex.org/W2149985625","https://openalex.org/W2151227774","https://openalex.org/W2155009910","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2157392897","https://openalex.org/W2326202155","https://openalex.org/W2516321972","https://openalex.org/W2970400107","https://openalex.org/W4229726281","https://openalex.org/W4249288250","https://openalex.org/W4255786857","https://openalex.org/W4400732804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1477115342","https://openalex.org/W4200561839","https://openalex.org/W4400300976","https://openalex.org/W2750311498","https://openalex.org/W2105821991","https://openalex.org/W2051187670","https://openalex.org/W2147463956","https://openalex.org/W4281250427","https://openalex.org/W2946368029","https://openalex.org/W626594146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1,140],"objective":[2],"was":[3],"to":[4,77,98,148,169,174,206,219,228],"establish":[5],"a":[6,29,67,87,99,107,110,119,127,133,162],"systematic":[7],"framework":[8],"for":[9],"measuring":[10],"and":[11,34,59,64,125,165],"understanding":[12],"cognitive":[13,68,91,123,137,176,220],"distraction":[14,20,69,221],"in":[15,101,188,232],"the":[16,37,51,78,93,102,153,158,167,175,183,189,224,233],"automobile.":[17,55],"BACKGROUND:":[18],"Driver":[19],"from":[21,152,157,223],"secondary":[22],"in-vehicle":[23,46,180],"activities":[24,95,231],"is":[25],"increasingly":[26],"recognized":[27],"as":[28,75,216],"significant":[30,146],"source":[31],"of":[32,53,90,96,122,136,155,160,178,185,226],"injuries":[33],"fatalities":[35],"on":[36,109,212],"roadway.":[38],"METHOD:":[39],"Across":[40],"three":[41],"studies,":[42],"participants":[43],"completed":[44],"eight":[45],"tasks":[47],"commonly":[48],"performed":[49],"by":[50],"driver":[52,213],"an":[54,81],"Primary,":[56],"secondary,":[57],"subjective,":[58],"physiological":[60],"measures":[61],"were":[62,84,116],"collected":[63],"integrated":[65],"into":[66],"scale.":[70],"RESULTS:":[71],"In-vehicle":[72],"activities,":[73],"such":[74],"listening":[76],"radio":[79],"or":[80,104,112],"audio":[82],"book,":[83],"associated":[85,117],"with":[86,106,118],"low":[88],"level":[89,121,135],"workload;":[92,124],"conversation":[94],"talking":[97],"passenger":[100],"vehicle":[103,164,190],"conversing":[105],"friend":[108],"handheld":[111],"hands-free":[113],"cell":[114],"phone":[115],"moderate":[120],"using":[126],"speech-to-text":[128],"interfaced":[129],"e-mail":[130],"system":[131],"involved":[132],"high":[134],"workload.":[138],"CONCLUSION:":[139],"research":[141],"established":[142],"that":[143,150,166,195],"there":[144],"are":[145,171],"impairments":[147,168],"driving":[149,170],"stem":[151],"diversion":[154,225],"attention":[156,227],"task":[159],"operating":[161],"motor":[163],"directly":[172],"related":[173],"workload":[177],"these":[179],"activities.":[181],"Moreover,":[182],"adoption":[184],"voice-based":[186],"systems":[187],"may":[191],"have":[192],"unintended":[193],"consequences":[194],"adversely":[196],"affect":[197],"traffic":[198],"safety.":[199],"APPLICATION:":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"can":[203],"be":[204],"used":[205],"help":[207],"inform":[208],"scientifically":[209],"based":[210],"policies":[211],"distraction,":[214],"particularly":[215],"they":[217],"relate":[218],"stemming":[222],"other":[229],"concurrent":[230],"vehicle.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}