{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102341133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814535628","title":"The Retention of Manual Flying Skills in the Automated Cockpit","display_name":"The Retention of Manual Flying Skills in the Automated Cockpit","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102341133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814535628","mag":"2102341133","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25509828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720814535628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814535628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021293125","display_name":"Stephen M. Casner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-0331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen M. Casner","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008016101","display_name":"Richard W. Geven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Geven","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jos\u00e9 State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","San Jose State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jos\u00e9 State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066004479","display_name":"Matthias P. Recker","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias P. Recker","raw_affiliation_strings":["San Jos\u00e9 State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","San Jose State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jos\u00e9 State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"San Jose State University Research Foundation, Moffett Field, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000454013","display_name":"Jonathan W. Schooler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-3372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan W. Schooler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Santa Barbara","University of California,Santa Barbara,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Santa Barbara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,Santa Barbara,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6384,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97617955,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"8","first_page":"1506","last_page":"1516"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8791000247001648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.8791000247001648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cockpit","display_name":"Cockpit","score":0.9836065173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.7323479652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aeronautics","display_name":"Aeronautics","score":0.6531854867935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5709164142608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation-medicine","display_name":"Aviation medicine","score":0.49782419204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.4925592541694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.48949921131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.47362133860588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flight-simulator","display_name":"Flight simulator","score":0.4719209671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crew","display_name":"Crew","score":0.45403099060058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-traffic-control","display_name":"Air traffic control","score":0.42569500207901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40511244535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3995274603366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36402037739753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23426291346549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.09980303049087524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30322324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194156","display_name":"Cockpit","level":2,"score":0.9836065173149109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.7323479652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178802073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8421","display_name":"Aeronautics","level":1,"score":0.6531854867935181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5709164142608643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6439246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3332475","display_name":"Aviation medicine","level":2,"score":0.49782419204711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.4925592541694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.48949921131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.47362133860588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41376638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214932","display_name":"Flight simulator","level":2,"score":0.4719209671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780179797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q345844","display_name":"Crew","level":2,"score":0.45403099060058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166961238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221395","display_name":"Air traffic control","level":2,"score":0.42569500207901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40511244535446167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3995274603366852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36402037739753723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23426291346549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.09980303049087524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000401","descriptor_name":"Aircraft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000401","descriptor_name":"Aircraft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000401","descriptor_name":"Aircraft","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012153","descriptor_name":"Retention, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720814535628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814535628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25509828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25509828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W423401209","https://openalex.org/W1556952185","https://openalex.org/W1604487046","https://openalex.org/W1954527556","https://openalex.org/W1985087464","https://openalex.org/W1987982015","https://openalex.org/W2003175157","https://openalex.org/W2061516621","https://openalex.org/W2112319366","https://openalex.org/W2138673783","https://openalex.org/W2171182786","https://openalex.org/W2497716462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371032752","https://openalex.org/W2088756080","https://openalex.org/W209562587","https://openalex.org/W997569733","https://openalex.org/W2511521567","https://openalex.org/W2354531723","https://openalex.org/W2264112336","https://openalex.org/W2364132153","https://openalex.org/W4210970368","https://openalex.org/W2322803901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"The":[1],"aim":[2],"of":[3,13,32,81,147,178,213],"this":[4],"study":[5],"was":[6,174,189],"to":[7,63,111,129,225],"understand":[8],"how":[9,179],"the":[10,79,132,141,145,211,223,233],"prolonged":[11],"use":[12,146],"cockpit":[14,44,187],"automation":[15,45,82,188,208],"is":[16,24,209],"affecting":[17],"pilots'":[18,104,196],"manual":[19,33,108,137,218],"flying":[20,34,219],"skills.":[21],"BACKGROUND:":[22],"There":[23],"an":[25],"ongoing":[26],"concern":[27],"about":[28,92,97],"a":[29,40,71,148],"potential":[30],"deterioration":[31],"skills":[35,110,202,215],"among":[36],"pilots":[37,62,117,126,181,227],"who":[38],"assume":[39],"supervisory":[41],"role":[42],"while":[43,75,195],"systems":[46],"carry":[47],"out":[48],"tasks":[49,134,173],"that":[50,83,119,194],"were":[51,95,121,127],"once":[52],"performed":[53],"by":[54],"human":[55],"pilots.":[56],"METHOD:":[57],"We":[58,102,192],"asked":[59,128],"16":[60],"airline":[61],"fly":[64],"routine":[65],"and":[66,89,107,165,199],"nonroutine":[67],"flight":[68,138],"scenarios":[69],"in":[70,183,231],"Boeing":[72],"747-400":[73],"simulator":[74],"we":[76,161],"systematically":[77],"varied":[78],"level":[80],"they":[84,94,99,120],"used,":[85,210],"graded":[86],"their":[87],"performance,":[88],"probed":[90],"them":[91],"what":[93],"thinking":[96],"as":[98],"flew.":[100],"RESULTS:":[101],"found":[103,193],"instrument":[105,158,197],"scanning":[106,198],"control":[109,201],"be":[112],"mostly":[113],"intact,":[114],"even":[115],"when":[116,125,186,207],"reported":[118],"infrequently":[122],"practiced.":[123],"However,":[124],"manually":[130],"perform":[131],"cognitive":[133,172,214],"needed":[135,216],"for":[136,217],"(e.g.,":[139],"tracking":[140],"aircraft's":[142],"position":[143],"without":[144],"map":[149],"display,":[150],"deciding":[151],"which":[152,226],"navigational":[153],"steps":[154],"come":[155],"next,":[156],"recognizing":[157],"system":[159],"failures),":[160],"observed":[162],"more":[163],"frequent":[164],"significant":[166],"problems.":[167],"Furthermore,":[168],"performance":[169],"on":[170,222],"these":[171],"associated":[175],"with":[176],"measures":[177],"often":[180],"engaged":[182,230],"task-unrelated":[184],"thought":[185],"used.":[190],"CONCLUSION:":[191],"aircraft":[200],"are":[203],"reasonably":[204],"well":[205],"retained":[206],"retention":[212],"may":[220],"depend":[221],"degree":[224],"remain":[228],"actively":[229],"supervising":[232],"automation.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}