{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2130810788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813515509","title":"Positive Display Polarity Is Particularly Advantageous for Small Character Sizes","display_name":"Positive Display Polarity Is Particularly Advantageous for Small Character Sizes","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2130810788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813515509","mag":"2130810788","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25141597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720813515509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813515509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022118107","display_name":"Cosima Piepenbrock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cosima Piepenbrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003544032","display_name":"Susanne Mayr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9947-8319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susanne Mayr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000202082","display_name":"Axel Buchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-3444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Buchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, dusseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92121761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"5","first_page":"942","last_page":"951"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.8884000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.8884000182151794,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.022299999371170998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14056","display_name":"Safety Warnings and Signage","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarity","display_name":"Polarity (international relations)","score":0.7710767388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.6701552271842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legibility","display_name":"Legibility","score":0.647828221321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.6470896601676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5840967297554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.495477557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.4704122841358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4600543677806854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44469499588012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3728463649749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.25617849826812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23642998933792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advertising","display_name":"Advertising","score":0.12000507116317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11806750297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10398051142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08769252896308899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777361361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1112585","display_name":"Polarity (international relations)","level":3,"score":0.7710767388343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.6701552271842957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779332521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820694","display_name":"Legibility","level":2,"score":0.647828221321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.6470896601676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5840967297554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.495477557182312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4704122841358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4600543677806854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44469499588012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3728463649749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25617849826812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23642998933792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.12000507116317749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11806750297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10398051142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08769252896308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003626","descriptor_name":"Data Display","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006804","descriptor_name":"Ergonomics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720813515509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813515509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25141597","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25141597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W255594169","https://openalex.org/W1514797584","https://openalex.org/W1883126355","https://openalex.org/W1909728973","https://openalex.org/W1965284963","https://openalex.org/W1974108028","https://openalex.org/W1974471768","https://openalex.org/W1977043037","https://openalex.org/W1990985691","https://openalex.org/W1998903567","https://openalex.org/W2000669058","https://openalex.org/W2003198209","https://openalex.org/W2008807818","https://openalex.org/W2009305119","https://openalex.org/W2009372879","https://openalex.org/W2013213538","https://openalex.org/W2015122953","https://openalex.org/W2020060017","https://openalex.org/W2024918559","https://openalex.org/W2025422639","https://openalex.org/W2029668355","https://openalex.org/W2036859054","https://openalex.org/W2057263818","https://openalex.org/W2061920071","https://openalex.org/W2068812856","https://openalex.org/W2078242224","https://openalex.org/W2079569563","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2087936482","https://openalex.org/W2108684554","https://openalex.org/W2109951815","https://openalex.org/W2128739178","https://openalex.org/W2136216752","https://openalex.org/W2143326492","https://openalex.org/W2151084406","https://openalex.org/W2189153764","https://openalex.org/W2244368418","https://openalex.org/W2328298983","https://openalex.org/W2478856776","https://openalex.org/W2481307794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W565076200","https://openalex.org/W2473574490","https://openalex.org/W2406065423","https://openalex.org/W4386523255","https://openalex.org/W2071402150","https://openalex.org/W2052278673","https://openalex.org/W2096863763","https://openalex.org/W3097366164","https://openalex.org/W1976654937","https://openalex.org/W1991996879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"test":[2],"the":[3,8,18,61,127,144,147,168,191],"display":[4,16,22,64],"luminance":[5,65,150],"hypothesis":[6],"of":[7,21,66,112,151,160,170,177,193,200],"positive":[9,67,118,128,152],"polarity":[10,23,68,119,129,153,227],"advantage":[11,120,130],"and":[12,24,98,109,181,184,196,205],"gain":[13],"insights":[14],"for":[15,167,190],"design,":[17],"joint":[19],"effects":[20],"character":[25,93,135],"size":[26],"were":[27,89],"assessed":[28],"with":[29,76,133,143,222],"a":[30,73],"proofreading":[31,74,124],"task":[32,75],"BACKGROUND:":[33],"Studies":[34],"have":[35],"shown":[36],"that":[37,146,186],"dark":[38,54],"characters":[39,52],"on":[40,53,79,85,172],"light":[41,51],"background":[42,55,81],"(positive":[43],"polarity)":[44],"lead":[45],"to":[46,60,102,156,209,214],"better":[47],"legibility":[48],"than":[49],"do":[50],"(negative":[56],"polarity),":[57],"presumably":[58],"due":[59],"typically":[62,148],"higher":[63,149],"presentations.":[69],"METHOD:":[70],"Participants":[71],"performed":[72],"black":[77,86],"text":[78,84,171],"white":[80,83],"or":[82],"background.":[87],"Texts":[88],"presented":[90],"in":[91,123,141],"four":[92],"sizes":[94,199,213],"(8,":[95],"10,":[96],"12,":[97],"14":[99],"pt;":[100],"corresponding":[101],"0.22":[103],"degrees,":[104,106,108],"0.25":[105],"0.31":[107],"0.34":[110],"degrees":[111],"vertical":[113],"visual":[114],"angle).":[115],"RESULTS:":[116],"A":[117],"was":[121],"observed":[122],"performance.":[125],"Importantly,":[126],"linearly":[131],"increased":[132],"decreasing":[134],"size.":[136],"CONCLUSION:":[137],"The":[138,163,198],"findings":[139],"are":[140,187,203],"line":[142],"assumption":[145],"displays":[154,174,202,228],"leads":[155],"an":[157],"improved":[158],"perception":[159],"detail.":[161],"Application:":[162],"implications":[164],"seem":[165],"important":[166],"design":[169],"such":[173],"as":[175,216,219],"those":[176],"computers,":[178],"automotive":[179],"control":[180],"entertainment":[182],"systems,":[183],"smartphones":[185],"increasingly":[188],"used":[189],"consumption":[192],"text-based":[194],"media":[195],"communication.":[197],"these":[201],"limited,":[204],"it":[206],"is":[207],"tempting":[208],"use":[210],"small":[211,223],"font":[212,224],"convey":[215],"much":[217],"information":[218],"possible.":[220],"Especially":[221],"sizes,":[225],"negative":[226],"should":[229],"be":[230],"avoided.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}