{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2032648383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812442087","title":"Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State","display_name":"Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2032648383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812442087","mag":"2032648383","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23156621"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720812442087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812442087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059540023","display_name":"Natasha Merat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Merat","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038946538","display_name":"A. Hamish Jamson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Hamish Jamson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022619305","display_name":"Frank Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3021-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank C. H. Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066977043","display_name":"Oliver Carsten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-8046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Carsten","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059540023"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.7673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":386,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99416724,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"5","first_page":"762","last_page":"771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12315","display_name":"Older Adults Driving Studies","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.9047585725784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6914354562759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-simulator","display_name":"Driving simulator","score":0.6750031113624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6184476613998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervisor","display_name":"Supervisor","score":0.6121649742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5336578488349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.46088194847106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28891438245773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06726387143135071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.9047585725784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6914354562759399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780689630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081815","display_name":"Driving simulator","level":2,"score":0.6750031113624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6184476613998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.6121649742126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5336578488349915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.46088194847106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28891438245773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06726387143135071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001364","descriptor_name":"Awareness","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001767","descriptor_name":"Blinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018720812442087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812442087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23156621","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23156621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:86236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1053988097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/E023762/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W287661685","https://openalex.org/W339282509","https://openalex.org/W1490945078","https://openalex.org/W1533134197","https://openalex.org/W1541913754","https://openalex.org/W1546165011","https://openalex.org/W1973613120","https://openalex.org/W1974302391","https://openalex.org/W1976570622","https://openalex.org/W1995801520","https://openalex.org/W2007492650","https://openalex.org/W2008418319","https://openalex.org/W2008653298","https://openalex.org/W2011241895","https://openalex.org/W2011475678","https://openalex.org/W2018259906","https://openalex.org/W2023586817","https://openalex.org/W2025030999","https://openalex.org/W2040661524","https://openalex.org/W2048121486","https://openalex.org/W2050426605","https://openalex.org/W2056294943","https://openalex.org/W2081244659","https://openalex.org/W2087993726","https://openalex.org/W2116692033","https://openalex.org/W2124627936","https://openalex.org/W2129948768","https://openalex.org/W2137145004","https://openalex.org/W2143679330","https://openalex.org/W2146948159","https://openalex.org/W2155462116","https://openalex.org/W2314838702","https://openalex.org/W2503637177","https://openalex.org/W2550828521","https://openalex.org/W3146599366","https://openalex.org/W4206777094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568093482","https://openalex.org/W4309067354","https://openalex.org/W2069805764","https://openalex.org/W282528669","https://openalex.org/W2258033839","https://openalex.org/W4297884099","https://openalex.org/W3203668668","https://openalex.org/W4391055430","https://openalex.org/W3214769583","https://openalex.org/W2116812645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"A":[1,85],"driving":[2,63,150,165,186,199,249],"simulator":[3,98],"study":[4,94],"compared":[5],"the":[6,35,48,56,72,97,110,119,132,135,167,173,215,221,232,248],"effect":[7,111,120,205],"of":[8,37,41,67,74,87,112,121,134,164,193,223,231,234],"changes":[9],"in":[10,14,21,30,46,55,61,99,114,145,166,226],"workload":[11,116],"on":[12,77,117,206,237],"performance":[13,154],"manual":[15,62,101,146,183],"and":[16,79,95,102,147,242],"highly":[17,68,103,148],"automated":[18,69,104,149,168,185,198],"driving.":[19],"Changes":[20],"driver":[22,43,207],"state":[23],"were":[24,90,159,179,188],"also":[25,128],"observed":[26,156],"by":[27,172],"examining":[28],"variations":[29],"blink":[31],"patterns.":[32],"BACKGROUND:":[33],"With":[34],"addition":[36],"a":[38,65,122,203],"greater":[39],"number":[40,222],"advanced":[42],"assistance":[44],"systems":[45,224],"vehicles,":[47],"driver's":[49],"role":[50],"is":[51,82,251],"likely":[52],"to":[53,64,140,161,214,244],"alter":[54],"future":[57],"from":[58],"an":[59,229],"operator":[60],"supervisor":[66],"cars.":[70],"Understanding":[71],"implications":[73,233],"such":[75,235],"advancements":[76],"drivers":[78,158],"road":[80],"safety":[81],"important.":[83,252],"METHOD:":[84],"total":[86],"50":[88],"participants":[89],"recruited":[91],"for":[92,182],"this":[93],"drove":[96],"both":[100],"mode.":[105],"As":[106,220],"well":[107],"as":[108],"comparing":[109],"adjustments":[113],"driving-related":[115],"performance,":[118,208],"secondary":[123,136,174,217],"Twenty":[124],"Questions":[125],"Task":[126],"was":[127,143,155,211],"investigated.":[129],"RESULTS:":[130],"In":[131],"absence":[133],"task,":[137],"drivers'":[138,238],"response":[139],"critical":[141],"incidents":[142],"similar":[144],"conditions.":[151],"The":[152],"worst":[153],"when":[157,209],"required":[160],"regain":[162],"control":[163],"mode":[169],"while":[170],"distracted":[171],"task.":[175,218],"Blink":[176],"frequency":[177],"patterns":[178],"more":[180],"consistent":[181],"than":[184],"but":[187],"generally":[189],"suppressed":[190],"during":[191],"conditions":[192],"high":[194],"workload.":[195],"CONCLUSION:":[196],"Highly":[197],"did":[200],"not":[201,212],"have":[202],"deleterious":[204],"attention":[210],"diverted":[213],"distracting":[216],"APPLICATION:":[219],"implemented":[225],"cars":[227],"increases,":[228],"understanding":[230],"automation":[236],"situation":[239],"awareness,":[240],"workload,":[241],"ability":[243],"remain":[245],"engaged":[246],"with":[247],"task":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
