{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384211244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00573","title":"Evaluating Transformer Models and Human Behaviors on Chinese Character Naming","display_name":"Evaluating Transformer Models and Human Behaviors on Chinese Character Naming","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384211244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00573","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00573/2143266/tacl_a_00573.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00573/2143266/tacl_a_00573.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100938617","display_name":"Xiaomeng Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121847817","display_name":"The Graduate Center, CUNY","ror":"https://ror.org/00awd9g61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121847817"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA. xma3@gradcenter.cuny.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, USA. xma3@gradcenter.cuny.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121847817"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869342","display_name":"Lingyu Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5696-5402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160992636","display_name":"Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02sn5gb64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160992636"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, USA. lygao@ttic.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, USA. lygao@ttic.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160992636"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100938617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121847817"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11278115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"755","last_page":"770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8092622756958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.7241532206535339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6325027346611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5787193179130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pronunciation","display_name":"Pronunciation","score":0.5537928342819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5393310785293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-characters","display_name":"Chinese characters","score":0.4957486093044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4473676383495331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grapheme","display_name":"Grapheme","score":0.41473817825317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4140439033508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35724884271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.21575918793678284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8092622756958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.7241532206535339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6325027346611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5787193179130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780844864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184377","display_name":"Pronunciation","level":2,"score":0.5537928342819214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5393310785293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.4957486093044281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4473676383495331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776779415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2545446","display_name":"Grapheme","level":3,"score":0.41473817825317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4140439033508301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35724884271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.21575918793678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00573","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00573/2143266/tacl_a_00573.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d735a721ba954a32926f83cc914ada53","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d735a721ba954a32926f83cc914ada53","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 11 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00573","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00573/2143266/tacl_a_00573.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384211244.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4384211244.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562679728","https://openalex.org/W1513563257","https://openalex.org/W1525844748","https://openalex.org/W1547565774","https://openalex.org/W1926470614","https://openalex.org/W1967986525","https://openalex.org/W2011370931","https://openalex.org/W2022780100","https://openalex.org/W2022963108","https://openalex.org/W2030831236","https://openalex.org/W2035404419","https://openalex.org/W2036263392","https://openalex.org/W2043433425","https://openalex.org/W2097801187","https://openalex.org/W2098683904","https://openalex.org/W2101906057","https://openalex.org/W2118952344","https://openalex.org/W2119763513","https://openalex.org/W2131615165","https://openalex.org/W2161070585","https://openalex.org/W2171620340","https://openalex.org/W2273121082","https://openalex.org/W2566503454","https://openalex.org/W2594908799","https://openalex.org/W2770517284","https://openalex.org/W2899459239","https://openalex.org/W2950993472","https://openalex.org/W3024934151","https://openalex.org/W3034731894","https://openalex.org/W3128675288","https://openalex.org/W4288060640","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6604987947","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6632706680","https://openalex.org/W6694320192","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6745552452","https://openalex.org/W6769415962","https://openalex.org/W7018123348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080578089","https://openalex.org/W2356756483","https://openalex.org/W4388333509","https://openalex.org/W3037446006","https://openalex.org/W4287752972","https://openalex.org/W3037482713","https://openalex.org/W2380714441","https://openalex.org/W2348863460","https://openalex.org/W2767953555","https://openalex.org/W2355692578"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Neural":[1],"network":[2],"models":[3,20,48,88,107,146],"have":[4],"been":[5],"proposed":[6],"to":[7],"explain":[8],"the":[9,25,28,46,62,106,131,144],"grapheme-phoneme":[10],"mapping":[11],"process":[12],"in":[13,39,127],"humans":[14,109],"for":[15,50,119],"many":[16],"alphabet":[17],"languages.":[18],"These":[19,140],"not":[21],"only":[22],"successfully":[23],"learned":[24],"correspondence":[26],"of":[27,86],"letter":[29],"strings":[30],"and":[31,81,108,122],"their":[32,91],"pronunciation,":[33],"but":[34],"also":[35],"captured":[36],"human":[37,65,73,94],"behavior":[38,152],"nonce":[40],"word":[41],"naming":[42,79,101,151],"tasks.":[43],"How":[44,59],"would":[45,61],"neural":[47],"perform":[49],"a":[51,84,124],"non-alphabet":[52],"language":[53],"(e.g.,":[54],"Chinese)":[55],"unknown":[56,77,98],"character":[57,100,150],"task?":[58],"well":[60],"model":[63],"capture":[64,148],"behavior?":[66],"In":[67,129],"this":[68],"study,":[69],"we":[70],"first":[71],"collect":[72],"speakers\u2019":[74],"answers":[75,133],"on":[76,96],"Character":[78],"tasks":[80],"then":[82],"evaluate":[83],"set":[85],"transformer":[87,145],"by":[89],"comparing":[90],"performance":[92],"with":[93,137],"behaviors":[95],"an":[97],"Chinese":[99],"task.":[102],"We":[103],"found":[104],"that":[105,113,143],"behaved":[110],"very":[111],"similarly,":[112],"they":[114],"had":[115,123],"similar":[116],"accuracy":[117],"distribution":[118],"each":[120],"character,":[121],"substantial":[125],"overlap":[126],"answers.":[128,139],"addition,":[130],"models\u2019":[132],"are":[134],"highly":[135],"correlated":[136],"humans\u2019":[138,149],"results":[141],"suggested":[142],"can":[147],"well.1":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}