{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409218928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737","title":"Benchmarking Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Large Language Models with LM-Polygraph","display_name":"Benchmarking Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Large Language Models with LM-Polygraph","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409218928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046928528","display_name":"Roman Vashurin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Vashurin","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. roman.vashurin@mbzuai.ac.ae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. roman.vashurin@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102590169","display_name":"Ekaterina Fadeeva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Fadeeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Zurich, Switzerland. ekaterina.fadeeva@inf.ethz.ch"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Zurich, Switzerland. ekaterina.fadeeva@inf.ethz.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054388208","display_name":"Artem Vazhentsev","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artem Vazhentsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. vazhentsev@airi.net, artiomvazh99@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. vazhentsev@airi.net, artiomvazh99@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099513071","display_name":"Lyudmila Rvanova","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyudmila Rvanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Analysis and Controllable Text Generation Technologies RAS, Russia. Milarv99@gmail.com","Weakly-Supervised NLP Group, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Analysis and Controllable Text Generation Technologies RAS, Russia. Milarv99@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weakly-Supervised NLP Group, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113067486","display_name":"Daniil Vasilev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118501908","display_name":"National Research University Higher School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/055f7t516","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniil Vasilev","raw_affiliation_strings":["HSE University, Russia. davasilev_4@edu.hse.ru"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HSE University, Russia. davasilev_4@edu.hse.ru","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118501908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026319614","display_name":"Akim Tsvigun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akim Tsvigun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nebius. aktsvigun@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nebius. aktsvigun@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059760393","display_name":"Sergey Petrakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergey Petrakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. sergeypetrakof@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. sergeypetrakof@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099282540","display_name":"Rui Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7523-8334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE","AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. Rui.Xing@mbzuai.ac.ae","The University of Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. Rui.Xing@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092687998","display_name":"Abdelrahman Sadallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelrahman Sadallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. Abdelrahman.Sadallah@mbzuai.ac.ae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. Abdelrahman.Sadallah@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117017643","display_name":"Kirill Grishchenkov","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirill Grishchenkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher. kirillgrish@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher. kirillgrish@gmail.com","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026157285","display_name":"Alexander Panchenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-6118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58957048","display_name":"Yandex (Russia)","ror":"https://ror.org/04dbch786","country_code":"RU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58957048"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Panchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. panchenkoalexander@gmail.com, panchenko@airi.net"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Russia. panchenkoalexander@gmail.com, panchenko@airi.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58957048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103085805","display_name":"Timothy Baldwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4445-1386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE","AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Baldwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. Timothy.Baldwin@mbzuai.ac.ae","The University of Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. Timothy.Baldwin@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012055259","display_name":"Preslav Nakov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-1510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Preslav Nakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. Preslav.Nakov@mbzuai.ac.ae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. Preslav.Nakov@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047074710","display_name":"Maxim Panov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5161-2822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Panov","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. maxim.panov@mbzuai.ac.ae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. maxim.panov@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071397402","display_name":"Artem Shelmanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-6212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artem Shelmanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["MBZUAI, UAE. artem.shelmanov@mbzuai.ac.ae"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MBZUAI, UAE. artem.shelmanov@mbzuai.ac.ae","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.3826,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98773557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"220","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygraph","display_name":"Polygraph","score":0.9180978536605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7867664098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7534797191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3560958504676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3293466567993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0807223916053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.07284748554229736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37428701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1686381","display_name":"Polygraph","level":2,"score":0.9180978536605835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7867664098739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7534797191619873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3560958504676819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3293466567993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0807223916053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.07284748554229736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101946573","https://openalex.org/W2152701363","https://openalex.org/W2257408573","https://openalex.org/W2581055925","https://openalex.org/W2739575494","https://openalex.org/W2888482885","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2964223283","https://openalex.org/W2964348886","https://openalex.org/W2970279348","https://openalex.org/W2972603547","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3034292689","https://openalex.org/W3035038672","https://openalex.org/W3084095723","https://openalex.org/W3101988982","https://openalex.org/W3105214104","https://openalex.org/W3121064530","https://openalex.org/W3153712677","https://openalex.org/W3153723500","https://openalex.org/W3156031277","https://openalex.org/W3173618889","https://openalex.org/W4285143611","https://openalex.org/W4285228085","https://openalex.org/W4285266418","https://openalex.org/W4285298706","https://openalex.org/W4285429195","https://openalex.org/W4285595056","https://openalex.org/W4286892945","https://openalex.org/W4287854593","https://openalex.org/W4287889957","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4319166707","https://openalex.org/W4365398199","https://openalex.org/W4378771755","https://openalex.org/W4378945636","https://openalex.org/W4380353763","https://openalex.org/W4380995299","https://openalex.org/W4385565160","https://openalex.org/W4385570776","https://openalex.org/W4385572448","https://openalex.org/W4385572775","https://openalex.org/W4386365131","https://openalex.org/W4388787285","https://openalex.org/W4389518686","https://openalex.org/W4389518728","https://openalex.org/W4389519290","https://openalex.org/W4389520749","https://openalex.org/W4389524547","https://openalex.org/W4391946521","https://openalex.org/W4392669906","https://openalex.org/W4394972078","https://openalex.org/W4401200455","https://openalex.org/W4402670143","https://openalex.org/W4402671653","https://openalex.org/W4404781168","https://openalex.org/W4404784419","https://openalex.org/W6675108834","https://openalex.org/W6684488266","https://openalex.org/W6735374517","https://openalex.org/W6748724315","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6771457121","https://openalex.org/W6779068807","https://openalex.org/W6782879696","https://openalex.org/W6789528646","https://openalex.org/W6803096969","https://openalex.org/W6810132389","https://openalex.org/W6839548382","https://openalex.org/W6840061620","https://openalex.org/W6844238458","https://openalex.org/W6847386241","https://openalex.org/W6849530321","https://openalex.org/W6850423384","https://openalex.org/W6852418670","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6853359188","https://openalex.org/W6855587957","https://openalex.org/W6858023062","https://openalex.org/W6858422560","https://openalex.org/W6861246345","https://openalex.org/W6864610226","https://openalex.org/W6871629594","https://openalex.org/W6893640197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2416302503","https://openalex.org/W2376108705","https://openalex.org/W2359820751","https://openalex.org/W2355319129","https://openalex.org/W2905865776","https://openalex.org/W2603666774","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1],"rapid":[2],"proliferation":[3],"of":[4,33,55,76,89,104,110,126],"large":[5],"language":[6],"models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"has":[9,50],"stimulated":[10],"researchers":[11],"to":[12,18,44,113],"seek":[13],"effective":[14,137],"and":[15,23,57,80,86,128],"efficient":[16],"approaches":[17],"deal":[19],"with":[20,39],"LLM":[21],"hallucinations":[22],"low-quality":[24],"outputs.":[25],"Uncertainty":[26],"quantification":[27],"(UQ)":[28],"is":[29],"a":[30,69,74,122],"key":[31],"element":[32],"machine":[34],"learning":[35],"applications":[36],"in":[37,53,108],"dealing":[38],"such":[40],"challenges.":[41],"However,":[42],"research":[43],"date":[45],"on":[46],"UQ":[47,78,91,127],"for":[48,84],"LLMs":[49],"been":[51],"fragmented":[52],"terms":[54,109],"techniques":[56,92,130],"evaluation":[58,88],"methodologies.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,65],"work,":[62],"we":[63,120],"address":[64],"issue":[66],"by":[67],"introducing":[68],"novel":[70,90],"benchmark":[71,99],"that":[72],"implements":[73],"collection":[75],"state-of-the-art":[77],"baselines":[79],"offers":[81],"an":[82],"environment":[83],"controllable":[85],"consistent":[87],"over":[93],"various":[94],"text":[95],"generation":[96],"tasks.":[97],"Our":[98],"also":[100],"supports":[101],"the":[102,135],"assessment":[103],"confidence":[105],"normalization":[106,129],"methods":[107],"their":[111],"ability":[112],"provide":[114],"interpretable":[115],"scores.":[116],"Using":[117],"our":[118],"benchmark,":[119],"conduct":[121],"large-scale":[123],"empirical":[124],"investigation":[125],"across":[131],"eleven":[132],"tasks,":[133],"identifying":[134],"most":[136],"approaches.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}