{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398757466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00666","title":"Improving Probability-based Prompt Selection Through Unified Evaluation and Analysis","display_name":"Improving Probability-based Prompt Selection Through Unified Evaluation and Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398757466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00666","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00666/2374178/tacl_a_00666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00666/2374178/tacl_a_00666.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023576577","display_name":"Sohee Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sohee Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL, UK. sohee.yang.22@ucl.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL, UK. sohee.yang.22@ucl.ac.uk","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763664","display_name":"Jonghyeon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4943-7839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonghyeon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dongguk University, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dongguk University, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017598734","display_name":"Joel Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3749-2999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Washington, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047482166","display_name":"Seonghyeon Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghyeon Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100336474","display_name":"Hyunji Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9698-4539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunji Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087565126","display_name":"Minjoon Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjoon Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAIST, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAIST, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023576577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4369,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93004677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"664","last_page":"680"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8433696031570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.7117524743080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3439963459968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3419848084449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3370262384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3225856125354767}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8433696031570435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.7117524743080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3439963459968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3419848084449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3370262384414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3225856125354767}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00666","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00666/2374178/tacl_a_00666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04c410b7a6754d25992337d5129f21f5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04c410b7a6754d25992337d5129f21f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 12 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00666","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00666/2374178/tacl_a_00666.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398757466.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2692059227","https://openalex.org/W2784720878","https://openalex.org/W2805744755","https://openalex.org/W2807333695","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2943552823","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2998617917","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3098267758","https://openalex.org/W3099215402","https://openalex.org/W3122241445","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3173777717","https://openalex.org/W3174770825","https://openalex.org/W3175603587","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3198963017","https://openalex.org/W4205857304","https://openalex.org/W4229005866","https://openalex.org/W4285129823","https://openalex.org/W4285178342","https://openalex.org/W4285225959","https://openalex.org/W4287891464","https://openalex.org/W4308757044","https://openalex.org/W4308760226","https://openalex.org/W4311642023","https://openalex.org/W4385571076","https://openalex.org/W4385571098","https://openalex.org/W4385572580","https://openalex.org/W4385572634","https://openalex.org/W4385573003","https://openalex.org/W4385573504","https://openalex.org/W4385574139","https://openalex.org/W4386566526","https://openalex.org/W4389520255","https://openalex.org/W4404782964","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6748332148","https://openalex.org/W6762392948","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6791446462","https://openalex.org/W6802669662","https://openalex.org/W6811340617","https://openalex.org/W6838911040","https://openalex.org/W6847246845","https://openalex.org/W6848909144"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Previous":[1],"work":[2],"in":[3],"prompt":[4,15,24,60,121,138,187,201],"engineering":[5],"for":[6,28],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"has":[10],"introduced":[11],"different":[12],"gradient-free":[13],"probability-based":[14,59],"selection":[16,61,122,188],"methods":[17,62,81,151,182],"that":[18,76,91,140,148,161,176],"aim":[19],"to":[20,35,53,126,139,179,194],"choose":[21],"the":[22,26,57,79,89,96,99,116,119,130,133,136,142,150,154,159,180,186,191,199],"optimal":[23,143],"among":[25],"candidates":[27],"a":[29,37,50,167],"given":[30],"task":[31],"but":[32],"have":[33],"failed":[34],"provide":[36],"comprehensive":[38],"and":[39,55,70,98,114,183],"fair":[40],"comparison":[41],"between":[42,95],"each":[43,77],"other.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,104],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,106,165],"propose":[49,166],"unified":[51],"framework":[52],"interpret":[54],"evaluate":[56],"existing":[58,80,181],"by":[63,173],"performing":[64],"extensive":[65],"experiments":[66],"on":[67,153],"13":[68],"common":[69],"diverse":[71],"NLP":[72],"tasks.":[73],"We":[74],"find":[75],"of":[78,88,112,118,132,135,141,158,190,198],"can":[82],"be":[83,163],"interpreted":[84],"as":[85,129],"some":[86],"variant":[87],"method":[90,123,170,193],"maximizes":[92],"mutual":[93],"information":[94],"input":[97],"predicted":[100],"output":[101,155],"(MI).":[102],"Utilizing":[103],"finding,":[105],"develop":[107],"several":[108],"other":[109],"combinatorial":[110],"variants":[111],"MI":[113],"increase":[115,185],"effectiveness":[117,189],"oracle":[120,144,200],"from":[124],"87.79%":[125],"94.98%,":[127],"measured":[128],"ratio":[131],"performance":[134],"selected":[137],"prompt.":[145],"Furthermore,":[146],"considering":[147],"all":[149],"rely":[152],"probability":[156],"distribution":[157],"model":[160],"might":[162],"biased,":[164],"novel":[168],"calibration":[169],"called":[171],"Calibration":[172],"Marginalization":[174],"(CBM)":[175],"is":[177],"orthogonal":[178],"helps":[184],"best":[192],"96.85%,":[195],"achieving":[196],"99.44%":[197],"F1":[202],"without":[203],"calibration.1":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}