{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398757459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665","title":"Computational Complexity of Natural Morphology Revisited","display_name":"Computational Complexity of Natural Morphology Revisited","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398757459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033785529","display_name":"Hajime Senuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-1768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hajime Senuma","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. hajime.senuma@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan. hajime.senuma@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041062417","display_name":"Akiko Aizawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akiko Aizawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. aizawa@nii.ac.jp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. aizawa@nii.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033785529","https://openalex.org/A5041062417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04533398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"649","last_page":"663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.9373000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9372000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7766803503036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.5540258884429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphology","display_name":"Morphology (biology)","score":0.5508692860603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4544903635978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3474813401699066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3112856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13005056977272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paleontology","display_name":"Paleontology","score":0.07706496119499207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7766803503036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5540258884429932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499950583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183252","display_name":"Morphology (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5508692860603333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4544903635978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3474813401699066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3112856149673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13005056977272034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.07706496119499207}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8bd63eb191654b41a5b4384422bbfd3e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8bd63eb191654b41a5b4384422bbfd3e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 12 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W152355264","https://openalex.org/W437127044","https://openalex.org/W613335405","https://openalex.org/W1481570261","https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1516275832","https://openalex.org/W1700952868","https://openalex.org/W1909180194","https://openalex.org/W1963892357","https://openalex.org/W1970047378","https://openalex.org/W1997049674","https://openalex.org/W1998429995","https://openalex.org/W2001041591","https://openalex.org/W2004432853","https://openalex.org/W2011058836","https://openalex.org/W2020797398","https://openalex.org/W2033702338","https://openalex.org/W2038141781","https://openalex.org/W2040713190","https://openalex.org/W2094826873","https://openalex.org/W2111476268","https://openalex.org/W2124479173","https://openalex.org/W2149429160","https://openalex.org/W2150877902","https://openalex.org/W2164548001","https://openalex.org/W2165545766","https://openalex.org/W2166080215","https://openalex.org/W2319172999","https://openalex.org/W2322097385","https://openalex.org/W2328687126","https://openalex.org/W2479463965","https://openalex.org/W2481699395","https://openalex.org/W2509528580","https://openalex.org/W2792098209","https://openalex.org/W2793466255","https://openalex.org/W2913184320","https://openalex.org/W2953246209","https://openalex.org/W2956021784","https://openalex.org/W2963059228","https://openalex.org/W2966478272","https://openalex.org/W3003374142","https://openalex.org/W3009009806","https://openalex.org/W3088994345","https://openalex.org/W3111869745","https://openalex.org/W3131336557","https://openalex.org/W3158607076","https://openalex.org/W4213448315","https://openalex.org/W4236682217","https://openalex.org/W4240076128","https://openalex.org/W4246648922","https://openalex.org/W4285731152","https://openalex.org/W4299895104","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W4304202518","https://openalex.org/W4304202552","https://openalex.org/W4304202721","https://openalex.org/W4304203388","https://openalex.org/W4304608038","https://openalex.org/W4385571864","https://openalex.org/W4388350309","https://openalex.org/W6615259882","https://openalex.org/W6618701423","https://openalex.org/W6682083373","https://openalex.org/W6722137879","https://openalex.org/W6783732653","https://openalex.org/W6791061103","https://openalex.org/W6902618114","https://openalex.org/W7002238941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W579370048","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W2989452537","https://openalex.org/W2052122378","https://openalex.org/W2189341500"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,86],"paper":[2],"revisits":[3],"a":[4,38,96,108],"classical,":[5],"yet":[6],"fundamental,":[7],"discussion":[8],"of":[9,16,65],"theoretical":[10],"computational":[11,14],"linguistics:":[12],"the":[13,56,63,66,79,83,91,117],"complexity":[15],"natural":[17],"languages.":[18],"Past":[19],"studies":[20],"have":[21],"revealed":[22],"that":[23,44,55,105],"syntax,":[24],"as":[25,136,143],"observed":[26],"in":[27,40],"Swiss-German,":[28],"is":[29,46,68,76,124],"not":[30,47],"weakly":[31,48],"context-free.":[32],"Concerning":[33],"morphology,":[34],"Culy":[35],"(1985)":[36],"employed":[37],"construction":[39,67,121],"Bambara":[41,57],"to":[42,82],"show":[43],"morphology":[45],"context-free;":[49],"however,":[50],"Manaster-Ramer":[51],"(1988)":[52],"pointed":[53],"out":[54],"case":[58,92],"can":[59,93],"be":[60,94],"problematic":[61],"because":[62,127],"wordhood":[64],"reliant":[69],"on":[70],"special":[71],"tonal":[72],"behaviors,":[73],"and":[74,132],"it":[75],"ambiguous":[77],"whether":[78,90],"behaviors":[80],"belong":[81],"morphological":[84,98,118,126],"domain.":[85],"raises":[87],"doubts":[88],"about":[89],"considered":[95],"genuine":[97],"phenomenon.":[99],"In":[100],"this":[101,128],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,110,122],"argue":[104],"Classical":[106],"Ainu,":[107],"language":[109],"examine,":[111],"also":[112],"defies":[113],"weak":[114],"context-freeness":[115],"at":[116],"level.":[119],"The":[120],"introduce":[123],"unambiguously":[125],"language\u2019s":[129],"valency-sensitive":[130],"structure":[131],"valency-changing":[133],"operations,":[134],"such":[135],"noun":[137],"incorporation,":[138],"preclude":[139],"its":[140],"grammatical":[141],"interpretation":[142],"syntactic.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
