{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394773691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00646","title":"Retrieve What You Need: A Mutual Learning Framework for Open-domain Question Answering","display_name":"Retrieve What You Need: A Mutual Learning Framework for Open-domain Question Answering","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394773691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00646"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00646","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00646/2362196/tacl_a_00646.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00646/2362196/tacl_a_00646.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056754361","display_name":"Dingmin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9196-2624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dingmin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK. dingmin.wang@cs.ox.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK. dingmin.wang@cs.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102459817","display_name":"Qiuyuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-9698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiuyuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA. qihua@microsoft.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA. qihua@microsoft.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044618645","display_name":"Matthew O. Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9846-4249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, UK. jackson@robots.ox.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, UK. jackson@robots.ox.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114910293","display_name":"Jianfeng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-6143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA. jfgao@microsoft.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, USA. jfgao@microsoft.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044618645","https://openalex.org/A5056754361","https://openalex.org/A5102459817","https://openalex.org/A5114910293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0926,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9222315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"247","last_page":"263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9195730686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.7813405394554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-domain","display_name":"Open domain","score":0.7603020071983337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5776572823524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5740664601325989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5658444762229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5209992527961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.513326108455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4904005527496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.47899219393730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.46722114086151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3445558547973633}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9195730686187744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.7813405394554138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993776861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Open domain","level":3,"score":0.7603020071983337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5776572823524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5740664601325989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5658444762229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5209992527961731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.513326108455658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4904005527496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.47899219393730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46722114086151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3445558547973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00646","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00646/2362196/tacl_a_00646.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8100bd086b634b8ba7feb7088a865f00","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8100bd086b634b8ba7feb7088a865f00","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 12 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00646","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00646","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00646/2362196/tacl_a_00646.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394773691.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1998498767","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2561529111","https://openalex.org/W2771472444","https://openalex.org/W2892181857","https://openalex.org/W2912817604","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2962718483","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963339397","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2971105107","https://openalex.org/W2989312920","https://openalex.org/W3007672467","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3092683697","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3102659883","https://openalex.org/W3118999024","https://openalex.org/W3121694563","https://openalex.org/W3156789018","https://openalex.org/W3169283738","https://openalex.org/W3176390686","https://openalex.org/W3186545525","https://openalex.org/W3199493219","https://openalex.org/W3206455169","https://openalex.org/W3207796810","https://openalex.org/W3209749143","https://openalex.org/W3211777899","https://openalex.org/W3213525309","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4225644300","https://openalex.org/W4252076394","https://openalex.org/W4285151662","https://openalex.org/W4285178342","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4289865932","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4297899309","https://openalex.org/W4309955236","https://openalex.org/W4381686872","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6691476020","https://openalex.org/W6762832483","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6770413283","https://openalex.org/W6774222543","https://openalex.org/W6777615688","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6786707460","https://openalex.org/W6787757238","https://openalex.org/W6810900824","https://openalex.org/W6838674208","https://openalex.org/W6846148209","https://openalex.org/W6847225812"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391533720","https://openalex.org/W2951097643","https://openalex.org/W4309395021","https://openalex.org/W3215363805","https://openalex.org/W204133468","https://openalex.org/W2991310128","https://openalex.org/W4307481286","https://openalex.org/W2395174199","https://openalex.org/W4226441484","https://openalex.org/W2516703895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"An":[1],"open-domain":[2],"question":[3],"answering":[4],"(QA)":[5],"system":[6],"usually":[7],"follows":[8],"a":[9,14,23,28,46],"retrieve-then-read":[10,108],"paradigm,":[11],"in":[12,93,115],"which":[13,68],"retriever":[15],"is":[16],"used":[17],"to":[18,53,105],"retrieve":[19],"relevant":[20,131],"passages":[21,36],"from":[22],"large":[24],"corpus,":[25],"and":[26,37,48,96],"then":[27],"reader":[29],"generates":[30],"answers":[31],"based":[32],"on":[33],"the":[34,38,55,65,116,128,135],"retrieved":[35],"original":[39],"question.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,69],"propose":[45],"simple":[47],"novel":[49],"mutual":[50],"learning":[51],"framework":[52],"improve":[54],"performance":[56,118],"of":[57,77,119],"retrieve-then-read-style":[58],"models":[59],"via":[60],"an":[61],"intermediate":[62,80],"module":[63,81],"named":[64],"knowledge":[66,132],"selector,":[67],"train":[70],"with":[71,111,130],"reinforcement":[72],"learning.":[73],"The":[74],"key":[75],"benefits":[76],"our":[78],"proposed":[79],"are:":[82],"1)":[83],"no":[84,112],"requirement":[85],"for":[86],"additional":[87],"annotated":[88],"question-passage":[89],"pairs;":[90],"2)":[91],"improvements":[92],"both":[94],"retrieval":[95],"QA":[97],"performance,":[98],"as":[99,101],"well":[100],"computational":[102],"efficiency,":[103],"compared":[104],"prior":[106],"competitive":[107],"models;":[109],"3)":[110],"finetuning,":[113],"improvement":[114],"zero-shot":[117],"large-scale":[120],"pre-trained":[121],"language":[122],"models,":[123],"e.g.,":[124],"ChatGPT,":[125],"by":[126],"encapsulating":[127],"input":[129,136],"without":[133],"violating":[134],"length":[137],"constraint.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}