{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387809899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00602","title":"<i>T</i> 2 <i>-NER</i>: A <u>T</u>wo-Stage Span-Based Framework for Unified Named Entity Recognition with <u>T</u>emplates","display_name":"<i>T</i> 2 <i>-NER</i>: A <u>T</u>wo-Stage Span-Based Framework for Unified Named Entity Recognition with <u>T</u>emplates","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387809899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00602","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00602/2163493/tacl_a_00602.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00602/2163493/tacl_a_00602.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010709877","display_name":"Peixin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5696-4735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peixin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. huangpeixin15@nudt.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. huangpeixin15@nudt.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014937762","display_name":"Xiang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6339-0219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. xiangzhao@nudt.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. xiangzhao@nudt.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101814774","display_name":"Minghao Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5002-3724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802541053","display_name":"Academy of Military Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bv3c993","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minghao Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Research Center of Military Science, Beijing, China. huminghao16@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Research Center of Military Science, Beijing, China. huminghao16@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060371329","display_name":"Zhen Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8643-4683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. tanzhen08a@nudt.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. tanzhen08a@nudt.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106942630","display_name":"Weidong Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6957-3769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. wdxiao@nudt.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. wdxiao@nudt.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101814774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802541053"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92126358,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"1265","last_page":"1282"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8289957642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.7903947830200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7236347794532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7107673287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.608558177947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/span","display_name":"Span (engineering)","score":0.5968660116195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5725923180580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5262248516082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4936407804489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.493585467338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template","display_name":"Template","score":0.49034833908081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.430439829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.14216023683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07844191789627075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8289957642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.7903947830200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7236347794532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7107673287391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.608558177947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960395","display_name":"Span (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5968660116195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5725923180580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5262248516082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4936407804489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.493585467338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82714645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438331","display_name":"Template","level":2,"score":0.49034833908081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.430439829826355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.14216023683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07844191789627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00602","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00602/2163493/tacl_a_00602.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cc216fb971494d26be7adc42630496dd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cc216fb971494d26be7adc42630496dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 11 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00602","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00602","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00602/2163493/tacl_a_00602.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3745156835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5904781070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71971212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8218347068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G924152724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002373","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387809899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387809899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047477415","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2131546905","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2163107094","https://openalex.org/W2250710764","https://openalex.org/W2562507968","https://openalex.org/W2759083144","https://openalex.org/W2802788932","https://openalex.org/W2804221886","https://openalex.org/W2891570996","https://openalex.org/W2892252202","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2935052563","https://openalex.org/W2950281195","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2952594430","https://openalex.org/W2952768212","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963568202","https://openalex.org/W2963691861","https://openalex.org/W2963716420","https://openalex.org/W2964222246","https://openalex.org/W2971064981","https://openalex.org/W2971071849","https://openalex.org/W2983180560","https://openalex.org/W3023337184","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035375600","https://openalex.org/W3035625205","https://openalex.org/W3090015871","https://openalex.org/W3104692733","https://openalex.org/W3167136668","https://openalex.org/W3175225269","https://openalex.org/W3175562427","https://openalex.org/W3176489198","https://openalex.org/W3176680950","https://openalex.org/W3176900753","https://openalex.org/W3176971429","https://openalex.org/W4226470037","https://openalex.org/W4285308718","https://openalex.org/W6634428159","https://openalex.org/W6675366379","https://openalex.org/W6679073109","https://openalex.org/W6682082992","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6714112401","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6759831810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4250494529","https://openalex.org/W1964783010","https://openalex.org/W2399696375","https://openalex.org/W45206245","https://openalex.org/W2211396092","https://openalex.org/W2163278254","https://openalex.org/W2061834489","https://openalex.org/W2078793151","https://openalex.org/W1574213390","https://openalex.org/W2751906762"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Named":[1],"Entity":[2],"Recognition":[3],"(NER)":[4],"has":[5],"so":[6],"far":[7],"evolved":[8],"from":[9],"the":[10,43,82,131,176,203,208],"traditional":[11],"flat":[12,95],"NER":[13,45,84],"to":[14,59,80,90,106,124,146,162,179],"overlapped":[15,97],"and":[16,57,96,140,157,167,195],"discontinuous":[17,114,196],"NER.":[18,213],"They":[19],"have":[20],"mostly":[21],"been":[22],"solved":[23],"separately,":[24],"with":[25,34,76],"only":[26],"several":[27],"exceptions":[28],"that":[29],"concurrently":[30],"tackle":[31],"three":[32],"tasks":[33],"a":[35,64,72,158],"single":[36,65],"model.":[37],"The":[38,86,102],"current":[39,204],"best-performing":[40],"method":[41],"formalizes":[42],"unified":[44,83,212],"as":[46],"word-word":[47],"relation":[48],"classification,":[49],"which":[50],"barely":[51],"focuses":[52],"on":[53,188],"mention":[54],"content":[55],"learning":[56,121],"fails":[58],"detect":[60],"entity":[61,92,110],"mentions":[62],"comprising":[63],"word.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,136,174],"propose":[71],"two-stage":[73],"span-based":[74,134],"framework":[75],"templates,":[77],"namely,":[78],"T2-NER,":[79],"resolve":[81],"task.":[85],"first":[87],"stage":[88,104],"is":[89,105,122],"extract":[91],"spans,":[93],"where":[94,113,198],"entities":[98,115],"can":[99,116],"be":[100,117],"recognized.":[101,118],"second":[103],"classify":[107],"over":[108],"all":[109,202],"span":[111,170,182],"pairs,":[112],"Finally,":[119],"multi-task":[120],"used":[123],"jointly":[125],"train":[126],"two":[127,144],"stages.":[128],"To":[129],"improve":[130],"efficiency":[132],"of":[133,211],"model,":[135],"design":[137],"grouped":[138],"templates":[139,142],"typed":[141],"for":[143,192],"stages":[145],"realize":[147],"batch":[148],"computations.":[149],"We":[150,184],"also":[151],"apply":[152],"an":[153],"adjacent":[154],"packing":[155,160],"strategy":[156,161],"latter":[159],"model":[163,200],"discriminative":[164],"boundary":[165],"information":[166,178],"learn":[168],"better":[169],"(pair)":[171],"representation.":[172,183],"Moreover,":[173],"introduce":[175],"syntax":[177],"enhance":[180],"our":[181,199],"perform":[185],"extensive":[186],"experiments":[187],"eight":[189],"benchmark":[190],"datasets":[191],"flat,":[193],"overlapped,":[194],"NER,":[197],"beats":[201],"competitive":[205],"baselines,":[206],"obtaining":[207],"best":[209],"performance":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}