{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382623032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00554","title":"Naturalistic Causal Probing for Morpho-Syntax","display_name":"Naturalistic Causal Probing for Morpho-Syntax","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382623032","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00554","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00554/2086305/tacl_a_00554.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00554/2086305/tacl_a_00554.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102541943","display_name":"Afra Amini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Afra Amini","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH AI Center, Switzerland","ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. afra.amini@inf.ethz.ch"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH AI Center, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. afra.amini@inf.ethz.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825308","display_name":"Tiago Pimentel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-4641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Pimentel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, UK. tp472@cam.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, UK. tp472@cam.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029033876","display_name":"Clara Meister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-4426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clara Meister","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. clara.meister@inf.ethz.ch"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. clara.meister@inf.ethz.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061951606","display_name":"Ryan Cotterell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4080-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Cotterell","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETH AI Center, Switzerland","ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. ryan.cotterell@inf.ethz.ch"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH AI Center, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETH Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. ryan.cotterell@inf.ethz.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029033876","https://openalex.org/A5061951606","https://openalex.org/A5102541943","https://openalex.org/A5102825308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6345,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72527633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":"384","last_page":"403"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.7611125707626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.7363404035568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7260721921920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalism","display_name":"Naturalism","score":0.6344510912895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5577723979949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","score":0.534430742263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4907701909542084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4872671365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence-processing","display_name":"Sentence processing","score":0.48445558547973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.47857359051704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3427008390426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.27570390701293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06086739897727966}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.7611125707626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.7363404035568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7260721921920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43236755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56000","display_name":"Naturalism","level":2,"score":0.6344510912895203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5577723979949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.534430742263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4907701909542084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4872671365737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451195","display_name":"Sentence processing","level":3,"score":0.48445558547973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.47857359051704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3427008390426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27570390701293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06086739897727966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00554","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00554/2086305/tacl_a_00554.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f45e24256a934be197927f07757688ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f45e24256a934be197927f07757688ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 11, Pp 384-403 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00554","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00554/2086305/tacl_a_00554.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382623032.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38462120","https://openalex.org/W2106578604","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2516090925","https://openalex.org/W2524643686","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2602331152","https://openalex.org/W2752177116","https://openalex.org/W2759181158","https://openalex.org/W2946609015","https://openalex.org/W2950866572","https://openalex.org/W2952328691","https://openalex.org/W2963430224","https://openalex.org/W2963457723","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2964204621","https://openalex.org/W2964222268","https://openalex.org/W2970550868","https://openalex.org/W2970862333","https://openalex.org/W2972688845","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W3031652686","https://openalex.org/W3035241006","https://openalex.org/W3035305735","https://openalex.org/W3035591180","https://openalex.org/W3038073095","https://openalex.org/W3103054319","https://openalex.org/W3104235057","https://openalex.org/W3114722021","https://openalex.org/W3132711698","https://openalex.org/W3144194608","https://openalex.org/W3155744586","https://openalex.org/W3159900299","https://openalex.org/W3162404768","https://openalex.org/W3176175390","https://openalex.org/W3176751053","https://openalex.org/W3200130628","https://openalex.org/W4205276337","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4285127912","https://openalex.org/W4285245025","https://openalex.org/W4385573320","https://openalex.org/W6611342419","https://openalex.org/W6691486850","https://openalex.org/W6721933647","https://openalex.org/W6728271538","https://openalex.org/W6747233023","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6775935039","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6784932235","https://openalex.org/W6785887628","https://openalex.org/W6790584463","https://openalex.org/W6948152991"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W591080037","https://openalex.org/W2087780682","https://openalex.org/W195844217","https://openalex.org/W2491074944","https://openalex.org/W2366295703","https://openalex.org/W2389774765","https://openalex.org/W2102140599","https://openalex.org/W2021936660","https://openalex.org/W2018043255","https://openalex.org/W2405411843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Probing":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,22,41,59],"go-to":[5],"methodology":[6],"for":[7,43],"interpreting":[8],"and":[9,29,93,111],"analyzing":[10,142],"deep":[11],"neural":[12],"models":[13,102],"in":[14,103],"natural":[15],"language":[16],"processing.":[17],"However,":[18],"there":[19],"is":[20],"still":[21],"lack":[23],"of":[24,26,31,34,58,65,90,108,123,127,137],"understanding":[25],"the":[27,55,63,66,88,105,124,135],"limitations":[28],"weaknesses":[30],"various":[32,128],"types":[33],"probes.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"work,":[38],"we":[39,52],"suggest":[40,115],"strategy":[42],"input-level":[44],"intervention":[45,71],"on":[46,54,95],"naturalistic":[47,82,117,138],"sentences.":[48],"Using":[49],"our":[50,81,132],"approach,":[51],"intervene":[53],"morpho-syntactic":[56],"features":[57],"sentence,":[60],"while":[61],"keeping":[62],"rest":[64],"sentence":[67],"unchanged.":[68],"Such":[69],"an":[70],"allows":[72],"us":[73],"to":[74,86,120],"causally":[75],"probe":[76],"pre-trained":[77,101,143],"models.":[78,144],"We":[79],"apply":[80],"causal":[83,125,139],"probing":[84,140],"framework":[85],"analyze":[87],"effects":[89,126],"grammatical":[91],"gender":[92],"number":[94],"contextualized":[96],"representations":[97],"extracted":[98],"from":[99],"three":[100],"Spanish,":[104],"multilingual":[106],"versions":[107],"BERT,":[109],"RoBERTa,":[110],"GPT-2.":[112],"Our":[113],"experiments":[114,133],"that":[116],"interventions":[118],"lead":[119],"stable":[121],"estimates":[122],"linguistic":[129],"properties.":[130],"Moreover,":[131],"demonstrate":[134],"importance":[136],"when":[141],"https://github.com/rycolab/naturalistic-causal-probing":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
