{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313119036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00514","title":"Unit Testing for Concepts in Neural Networks","display_name":"Unit Testing for Concepts in Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313119036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00514","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00514/2057233/tacl_a_00514.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00514/2057233/tacl_a_00514.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018940839","display_name":"Charles Lovering","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175594653","display_name":"John Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ct41q97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Lovering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Brown University, USA. charles_lovering@brown.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Brown University, USA. charles_lovering@brown.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053850863","display_name":"Ellie Pavlick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-5420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I175594653","display_name":"John Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ct41q97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ellie Pavlick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Brown University, USA. ellie_pavlick@brown.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Brown University, USA. ellie_pavlick@brown.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018940839","https://openalex.org/A5053850863"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I175594653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8764455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1193","last_page":"1208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8456341028213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.7503757476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.5981957316398621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5763768553733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5635613799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5392540693283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.48771485686302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reusability","display_name":"Reusability","score":0.4638161063194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43938392400741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.41602420806884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37031856179237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17390182614326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.1516515016555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.12557634711265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07490143179893494}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8456341028213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7503757476806641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5981957316398621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5763768553733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5635613799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5392540693283081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.48771485686302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137981799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369184","display_name":"Reusability","level":3,"score":0.4638161063194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43938392400741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.41602420806884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37031856179237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17390182614326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1516515016555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.12557634711265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07490143179893494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00514","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00514/2057233/tacl_a_00514.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c43617358d2c4512b36538c142fb85fe","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c43617358d2c4512b36538c142fb85fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 10 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00514","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00514/2057233/tacl_a_00514.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174342562","https://openalex.org/W1597195725","https://openalex.org/W2118373646","https://openalex.org/W2120480077","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2330954386","https://openalex.org/W2516090925","https://openalex.org/W2561715562","https://openalex.org/W2593390416","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2613995098","https://openalex.org/W2763088512","https://openalex.org/W2799007037","https://openalex.org/W2944797580","https://openalex.org/W2946296745","https://openalex.org/W2963430224","https://openalex.org/W2963542991","https://openalex.org/W2970726176","https://openalex.org/W3018827121","https://openalex.org/W3031001133","https://openalex.org/W3035241006","https://openalex.org/W3035507081","https://openalex.org/W3035718362","https://openalex.org/W3093211917","https://openalex.org/W3098613713","https://openalex.org/W3099236585","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3101767999","https://openalex.org/W3103536442","https://openalex.org/W3104142662","https://openalex.org/W3104739822","https://openalex.org/W3105115233","https://openalex.org/W3152698349","https://openalex.org/W3166396011","https://openalex.org/W3175508917","https://openalex.org/W3176175390","https://openalex.org/W3203259592","https://openalex.org/W3215599159","https://openalex.org/W4211210448","https://openalex.org/W4226251122","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4246233237","https://openalex.org/W4251009746","https://openalex.org/W4252743921","https://openalex.org/W4253689767","https://openalex.org/W4285174271","https://openalex.org/W4289751568","https://openalex.org/W6629368666","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6716358881","https://openalex.org/W6726295259","https://openalex.org/W6732298534","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6748655984","https://openalex.org/W6750391026","https://openalex.org/W6755523629","https://openalex.org/W6757635932","https://openalex.org/W6759833453","https://openalex.org/W6761184903","https://openalex.org/W6778396672","https://openalex.org/W6784516682","https://openalex.org/W6785075621","https://openalex.org/W6785887628","https://openalex.org/W6790082705","https://openalex.org/W6810241339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3159027928","https://openalex.org/W3097185686","https://openalex.org/W2215606090","https://openalex.org/W2394142092","https://openalex.org/W2131591406","https://openalex.org/W3005096598","https://openalex.org/W2657004301","https://openalex.org/W1594229218","https://openalex.org/W2278796325","https://openalex.org/W2094886833"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"complex":[2],"problems":[3],"are":[4,49],"naturally":[5],"understood":[6],"in":[7,27],"terms":[8],"of":[9,16,23,36,75,101,106],"symbolic":[10,40],"concepts.":[11],"For":[12],"example,":[13],"our":[14,21],"concept":[15,82],"\u201ccat\u201d":[17],"is":[18,55,69],"related":[19,42],"to":[20],"concepts":[22],"\u201cears\u201d":[24],"and":[25,104],"\u201cwhiskers\u201d":[26],"a":[28,53,66,79],"non-arbitrary":[29],"way.":[30],"Fodor":[31],"(1998)":[32],"proposes":[33],"one":[34],"theory":[35,54],"concepts,":[37,107],"which":[38],"emphasizes":[39],"representations":[41],"via":[43],"constituency":[44],"structures.":[45],"Whether":[46],"neural":[47,89],"networks":[48],"consistent":[50,70],"with":[51,71],"such":[52],"open":[56],"for":[57,63,122],"debate.":[58],"We":[59,94],"propose":[60],"unit":[61],"tests":[62,100],"evaluating":[64],"whether":[65],"system\u2019s":[67],"behavior":[68],"several":[72,87],"key":[73],"aspects":[74],"Fodor\u2019s":[76],"criteria.":[77],"Using":[78],"simple":[80],"visual":[81],"learning":[83],"task,":[84],"we":[85],"evaluate":[86],"modern":[88],"architectures":[90],"against":[91],"this":[92],"specification.":[93],"find":[95],"that":[96,109],"models":[97],"succeed":[98],"on":[99],"groundedness,":[102],"modularity,":[103],"reusability":[105],"but":[108],"important":[110],"questions":[111],"about":[112],"causality":[113],"remain":[114],"open.":[115],"Resolving":[116],"these":[117],"will":[118],"require":[119],"new":[120],"methods":[121],"analyzing":[123],"models\u2019":[124],"internal":[125],"states.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}