{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312516176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00511","title":"Causal Inference in Natural Language Processing: Estimation, Prediction, Interpretation and Beyond","display_name":"Causal Inference in Natural Language Processing: Estimation, Prediction, Interpretation and Beyond","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312516176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00511","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00511/2054690/tacl_a_00511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00511/2054690/tacl_a_00511.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056266191","display_name":"Amir Feder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5472-1135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amir Feder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA","Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062069583","display_name":"Katherine A. Keith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22675022","display_name":"Williams College","ror":"https://ror.org/04avkmd49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22675022"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine A. Keith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Williams College, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Williams College, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22675022"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023417624","display_name":"Emaad Manzoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3187-9719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emaad Manzoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin - Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065744065","display_name":"Reid Pryzant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reid Pryzant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109398524","display_name":"Dhanya Sridhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163064","display_name":"Columbia College","ror":"https://ror.org/05fy98n62","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163064"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhanya Sridhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059956805","display_name":"Zach Wood-Doughty","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zach Wood-Doughty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047699861","display_name":"Jacob Eisenstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Eisenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090665793","display_name":"Justin Grimmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6642-9799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Grimmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054952724","display_name":"Roi Reichart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-0554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roi Reichart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082742221","display_name":"Margaret E. Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6900-4366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret E. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113226689","display_name":"Brandon Stewart","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon M. Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Princeton University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Princeton University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077406767","display_name":"Victor Veitch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Veitch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, USA","University of Chicago, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089413311","display_name":"Diyi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-3983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800444561","display_name":"Atlanta Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01s3vfp47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800444561"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diyi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Tech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Tech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800444561","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056266191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211","https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.4602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":183,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99633864,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1138","last_page":"1158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.7825992107391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7488139271736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7361078262329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6888002753257751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6383854150772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5367969274520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5297378301620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5182638168334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45281001925468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4440380334854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3897933065891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.1420806348323822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.7825992107391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7488139271736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7361078262329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6888002753257751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6383854150772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5367969274520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5297378301620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5182638168334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45281001925468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4440380334854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3897933065891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.1420806348323822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00511","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00511/2054690/tacl_a_00511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce20dd42414b496493ce8c27322a7d13","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce20dd42414b496493ce8c27322a7d13","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 10, Pp 1138-1158 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00511","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00511","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00511/2054690/tacl_a_00511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312516176.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312516176.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":147,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490960179","https://openalex.org/W1514535095","https://openalex.org/W1516659296","https://openalex.org/W1533476743","https://openalex.org/W1847618513","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1920962657","https://openalex.org/W1967807490","https://openalex.org/W2002586403","https://openalex.org/W2064971013","https://openalex.org/W2096974619","https://openalex.org/W2099153428","https://openalex.org/W2104094955","https://openalex.org/W2132917208","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2163568299","https://openalex.org/W2165938089","https://openalex.org/W2208550830","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2326415568","https://openalex.org/W2513458147","https://openalex.org/W2513845892","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2561658355","https://openalex.org/W2562607067","https://openalex.org/W2611009517","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2766921623","https://openalex.org/W2787244810","https://openalex.org/W2790376986","https://openalex.org/W2791200426","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2804178350","https://openalex.org/W2890709993","https://openalex.org/W2899689163","https://openalex.org/W2912083425","https://openalex.org/W2945295328","https://openalex.org/W2950866572","https://openalex.org/W2951025380","https://openalex.org/W2951286828","https://openalex.org/W2962736243","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962753250","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2962833164","https://openalex.org/W2962843521","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2963899396","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2965507328","https://openalex.org/W2971015127","https://openalex.org/W2977235550","https://openalex.org/W2985347336","https://openalex.org/W2992319600","https://openalex.org/W2997668629","https://openalex.org/W3013571594","https://openalex.org/W3030755555","https://openalex.org/W3031652686","https://openalex.org/W3034917890","https://openalex.org/W3035083705","https://openalex.org/W3035241006","https://openalex.org/W3035507081","https://openalex.org/W3037831233","https://openalex.org/W3043997204","https://openalex.org/W3081149207","https://openalex.org/W3083982195","https://openalex.org/W3088400754","https://openalex.org/W3088597222","https://openalex.org/W3092071453","https://openalex.org/W3092560821","https://openalex.org/W3101767999","https://openalex.org/W3104149808","https://openalex.org/W3104379732","https://openalex.org/W3105928338","https://openalex.org/W3106031957","https://openalex.org/W3118796926","https://openalex.org/W3123503406","https://openalex.org/W3134111219","https://openalex.org/W3135487809","https://openalex.org/W3144194608","https://openalex.org/W3150893739","https://openalex.org/W3159900299","https://openalex.org/W3162404768","https://openalex.org/W3168552854","https://openalex.org/W3174340530","https://openalex.org/W3175315904","https://openalex.org/W3176751053","https://openalex.org/W3177141404","https://openalex.org/W3177189402","https://openalex.org/W3177575812","https://openalex.org/W3179534853","https://openalex.org/W3201027697","https://openalex.org/W3204920203","https://openalex.org/W3211973371","https://openalex.org/W4205179624","https://openalex.org/W4205509257","https://openalex.org/W4221142836","https://openalex.org/W4226198567","https://openalex.org/W4226251122","https://openalex.org/W4236213345","https://openalex.org/W4287124808","https://openalex.org/W4287162887","https://openalex.org/W4287325357","https://openalex.org/W4287329906","https://openalex.org/W4287599853","https://openalex.org/W4287646194","https://openalex.org/W4287728573","https://openalex.org/W4288287305","https://openalex.org/W4289306372","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679775712","https://openalex.org/W6681579320","https://openalex.org/W6683124652","https://openalex.org/W6697316661","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6738870502","https://openalex.org/W6744110554","https://openalex.org/W6748571970","https://openalex.org/W6750391026","https://openalex.org/W6751744669","https://openalex.org/W6754928636","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6756686100","https://openalex.org/W6764072591","https://openalex.org/W6765285020","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6768299147","https://openalex.org/W6779678126","https://openalex.org/W6780233385","https://openalex.org/W6781859720","https://openalex.org/W6781965151","https://openalex.org/W6783608825","https://openalex.org/W6784247468","https://openalex.org/W6784793133","https://openalex.org/W6785887628","https://openalex.org/W6786166651","https://openalex.org/W6790679013","https://openalex.org/W6791642624","https://openalex.org/W6796668551","https://openalex.org/W6797378770","https://openalex.org/W6809969527","https://openalex.org/W6810241339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W2809283485","https://openalex.org/W4293768783","https://openalex.org/W4288347394","https://openalex.org/W2574301230","https://openalex.org/W1547624382","https://openalex.org/W4320159092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"fundamental":[2],"goal":[3],"of":[4,55,61,85,93,126,152,162,171],"scientific":[5],"research":[6,57,68,109],"is":[7,47,136],"to":[8,49,96,143,155],"learn":[9],"about":[10],"causal":[11,62,94,128,153,172],"relationships.":[12],"However,":[13],"despite":[14],"its":[15,101],"critical":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,31,71,90,116],"the":[19,28,59,86,91,97,117,123,157,175],"life":[20],"and":[21,64,82,88,113,160],"social":[22],"sciences,":[23],"causality":[24,70],"has":[25,37],"not":[26],"had":[27],"same":[29],"importance":[30],"Natural":[32],"Language":[33],"Processing":[34],"(NLP),":[35],"which":[36],"traditionally":[38],"placed":[39],"more":[40],"emphasis":[41],"on":[42,69],"predictive":[43],"tasks.":[44],"This":[45],"distinction":[46],"beginning":[48],"fade,":[50],"with":[51,100,130],"an":[52,139],"emerging":[53],"area":[54],"interdisciplinary":[56],"at":[58],"convergence":[60],"inference":[63,95,154,173],"language":[65],"processing.":[66],"Still,":[67],"NLP":[72,119,163,176],"remains":[73],"scattered":[74],"across":[75,110],"domains":[76],"without":[77],"unified":[78,169],"definitions,":[79],"benchmark":[80],"datasets":[81],"clear":[83],"articulations":[84],"challenges":[87],"opportunities":[89],"application":[92],"textual":[98],"domain,":[99],"unique":[102],"properties.":[103],"In":[104,146],"this":[105],"survey,":[106],"we":[107,148],"consolidate":[108],"academic":[111],"areas":[112],"situate":[114],"it":[115],"broader":[118],"landscape.":[120],"We":[121,165],"introduce":[122],"statistical":[124],"challenge":[125],"estimating":[127],"effects":[129],"text,":[131],"encompassing":[132],"settings":[133],"where":[134],"text":[135],"used":[137],"as":[138],"outcome,":[140],"treatment,":[141],"or":[142],"address":[144],"confounding.":[145],"addition,":[147],"explore":[149],"potential":[150],"uses":[151],"improve":[156],"robustness,":[158],"fairness,":[159],"interpretability":[161],"models.":[164],"thus":[166],"provide":[167],"a":[168],"overview":[170],"for":[174],"community.1":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
