{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174266714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00459","title":"Time-Aware Language Models as Temporal Knowledge Bases","display_name":"Time-Aware Language Models as Temporal Knowledge Bases","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174266714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00459","mag":"3174266714"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00459","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00459/2004543/tacl_a_00459.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00459/2004543/tacl_a_00459.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055033421","display_name":"Bhuwan Dhingra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhuwan Dhingra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. bdhingra@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. bdhingra@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090951421","display_name":"Jeremy R. Cole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-5888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy R. Cole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. jrcole@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. jrcole@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000738730","display_name":"Julian Martin Eisenschlos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Martin Eisenschlos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. eisenjulian@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. eisenjulian@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110778504","display_name":"Daniel Gillick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gillick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. dgillick@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. dgillick@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047699861","display_name":"Jacob Eisenstein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Eisenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. jeisenstein@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. jeisenstein@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051617344","display_name":"William W. Cohen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William W. Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research. wcohen@google.com","Google,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research. wcohen@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9275,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7710883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"257","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.819495439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timestamp","display_name":"Timestamp","score":0.7395249605178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"Memorization","score":0.6580675840377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.611895740032196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5942327976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retraining","display_name":"Retraining","score":0.5417121648788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4895575940608978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.42277923226356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4184163212776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3891352415084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.37684059143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3434752821922302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.0944516658782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.09003788232803345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.819495439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.7395249605178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.6580675840377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.611895740032196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5942327976226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505966","display_name":"Retraining","level":2,"score":0.5417121648788452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4895575940608978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42277923226356506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4184163212776184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3891352415084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.37684059143066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3434752821922302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0944516658782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.09003788232803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00459","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00459/2004543/tacl_a_00459.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.15110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.15110","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.15110","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3174266714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.15110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3775bd76d874aabb6bb93e254c8b254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3775bd76d874aabb6bb93e254c8b254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 10, Pp 257-273 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.15110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2106.15110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00459","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00459","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00459/2004543/tacl_a_00459.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063804110","https://openalex.org/W2080133951","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2307020448","https://openalex.org/W2766841988","https://openalex.org/W2798837230","https://openalex.org/W2798898418","https://openalex.org/W2799068938","https://openalex.org/W2900167100","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2949573100","https://openalex.org/W2952276524","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2963323070","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963780471","https://openalex.org/W2963809228","https://openalex.org/W2963938518","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2971236147","https://openalex.org/W2981852735","https://openalex.org/W2996641835","https://openalex.org/W3003977111","https://openalex.org/W3021480884","https://openalex.org/W3030714234","https://openalex.org/W3034671305","https://openalex.org/W3036074945","https://openalex.org/W3044438666","https://openalex.org/W3045683288","https://openalex.org/W3094097481","https://openalex.org/W3098566014","https://openalex.org/W3098903812","https://openalex.org/W3099246072","https://openalex.org/W3102659883","https://openalex.org/W3104163040","https://openalex.org/W3107969673","https://openalex.org/W3126553126","https://openalex.org/W3153094109","https://openalex.org/W3153269634","https://openalex.org/W3154575616","https://openalex.org/W3156170450","https://openalex.org/W3166336242","https://openalex.org/W3168292164","https://openalex.org/W3169993339","https://openalex.org/W3170325272","https://openalex.org/W3171460770","https://openalex.org/W3176757281","https://openalex.org/W4206118214","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6741954564","https://openalex.org/W6744707562","https://openalex.org/W6745545255","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6771486561","https://openalex.org/W6772715161","https://openalex.org/W6778624693","https://openalex.org/W6779857854","https://openalex.org/W6786251224","https://openalex.org/W6797851958","https://openalex.org/W6803337692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W3035091181","https://openalex.org/W3207715300","https://openalex.org/W3122532166","https://openalex.org/W3085769582","https://openalex.org/W3090415328","https://openalex.org/W3201662444","https://openalex.org/W3006469715","https://openalex.org/W3168738699","https://openalex.org/W2897434594","https://openalex.org/W3030125795","https://openalex.org/W3167352803","https://openalex.org/W2950676144","https://openalex.org/W3159526778","https://openalex.org/W2086686352","https://openalex.org/W2971820544","https://openalex.org/W2970591205","https://openalex.org/W2138837597","https://openalex.org/W2962818867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Many":[1],"facts":[2,57,129,143],"come":[3],"with":[4,81,121,154],"an":[5],"expiration":[6],"date,":[7],"from":[8,130,144,170],"the":[9,12,15,47,51,56,58,87,131,166],"name":[10],"of":[11,31,86,93,105,127],"President":[13],"to":[14],"basketball":[16],"team":[17],"Lebron":[18],"James":[19],"plays":[20],"for.":[21],"However,":[22],"most":[23],"language":[24],"models":[25,152],"(LMs)":[26],"are":[27],"trained":[28,89,100,153],"on":[29,90,101,139],"snapshots":[30],"data":[32,163],"collected":[33],"at":[34,68,83],"a":[35,64,102,114],"specific":[36,91],"moment":[37],"in":[38,46],"time.":[39],"This":[40,124],"can":[41,157],"limit":[42],"their":[43],"utility,":[44],"especially":[45],"closed-book":[48],"setting":[49],"where":[50],"pretraining":[52],"corpus":[53],"must":[54],"contain":[55],"model":[59],"should":[60],"memorize.":[61],"We":[62,148],"introduce":[63],"diagnostic":[65],"dataset":[66],"aimed":[67],"probing":[69],"LMs":[70,82],"for":[71,117,168],"factual":[72],"knowledge":[73],"that":[74,151],"changes":[75],"over":[76],"time":[77,133,146],"and":[78],"highlight":[79],"problems":[80],"either":[84],"end":[85],"spectrum\u2014those":[88],"slices":[92],"temporal":[94,106,155],"data,":[95],"as":[96,98,135,137,161],"well":[97,136],"those":[99],"wide":[103],"range":[104],"data.":[107],"To":[108],"mitigate":[109],"these":[110],"problems,":[111],"we":[112],"propose":[113],"simple":[115],"technique":[116],"jointly":[118],"modeling":[119],"text":[120],"its":[122],"timestamp.":[123],"improves":[125],"memorization":[126],"seen":[128],"training":[132],"period,":[134],"calibration":[138],"predictions":[140],"about":[141],"unseen":[142],"future":[145],"periods.":[147],"also":[149],"show":[150],"context":[156],"be":[158],"efficiently":[159],"\u201crefreshed\u201d":[160],"new":[162],"arrives,":[164],"without":[165],"need":[167],"retraining":[169],"scratch.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
