{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127443053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00379","title":"Neural OCR Post-Hoc Correction of Historical Corpora","display_name":"Neural OCR Post-Hoc Correction of Historical Corpora","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127443053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00379","mag":"3127443053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00379","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00379/1924062/tacl_a_00379.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00379/1924062/tacl_a_00379.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015941852","display_name":"Lijun Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany. lyu@L3S.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany. lyu@L3S.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036812668","display_name":"Maria Koutraki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Koutraki","raw_affiliation_strings":["L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany. koutraki@L3S.de"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany. koutraki@L3S.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039294313","display_name":"Martin Krickl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-0340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802781690","display_name":"Austrian National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/03dscga50","country_code":"AT","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802781690"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Krickl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Austrian National Library / Vienna, Austria. martin.krickl@onb.ac.at"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Austrian National Library / Vienna, Austria. martin.krickl@onb.ac.at","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802781690"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001039604","display_name":"Besnik Fetahu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3343-7992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089985","display_name":"Amazon (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/00b9ktm87","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I4210089985"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136150","display_name":"L3S Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/039t4wk02","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103","https://openalex.org/I4210136150","https://openalex.org/I94509681"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Besnik Fetahu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon / Seattle, WA, USA. besnikf@amazon.com","L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany","Amazon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon / Seattle, WA, USA. besnikf@amazon.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover / Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089985"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015941852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136150"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01429978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"479","last_page":"493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8509520292282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typeface","display_name":"Typeface","score":0.8040854930877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.7118029594421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6489963531494141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.647165834903717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.6330939531326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcription","display_name":"Transcription (linguistics)","score":0.5991132259368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5586512684822083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.49385911226272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48280298709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4809819459915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.46812453866004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.44156554341316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.43834632635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.42167437076568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.29078811407089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.17802178859710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.06917503476142883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8509520292282104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80797182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17451","display_name":"Typeface","level":2,"score":0.8040854930877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.7118029594421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6489963531494141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.647165834903717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.6330939531326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179926584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207714","display_name":"Transcription (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5991132259368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5586512684822083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.49385911226272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48280298709869385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4809819459915161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.46812453866004944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.44156554341316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.43834632635116577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.42167437076568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.29078811407089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17802178859710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.06917503476142883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00379","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00379/1924062/tacl_a_00379.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.00583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00583","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.00583","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:290162b3f837471bacdac6b5a67e3e10","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/290162b3f837471bacdac6b5a67e3e10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 9, Pp 479-493 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repo.uni-hannover.de:123456789/15192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repo.uni-hannover.de/handle/123456789/15192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401575","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover (Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","host_organization_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics TACL 9 (2021)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.00583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.00583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.15488/15073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15488/15073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052956","display_name":"Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:3127443053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00379","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00379/1924062/tacl_a_00379.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1201022581","display_name":"Fremdwahrnehmungen in Reiseberichten 15001875  eine computergest\u00fctzte Analyse","funder_award_id":"398697847","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6496910904","display_name":"Perceptions of the Other in Travelogues 1500-1875 - A Computerized Analysis","funder_award_id":"I 3795","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127443053.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127443053.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1736726159","https://openalex.org/W2027271985","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2510006552","https://openalex.org/W2741223475","https://openalex.org/W2963251942","https://openalex.org/W6632100814","https://openalex.org/W6637698695","https://openalex.org/W6639064768","https://openalex.org/W6640598943","https://openalex.org/W6655087157","https://openalex.org/W6656620143","https://openalex.org/W6664979998","https://openalex.org/W6666235057","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6683258052","https://openalex.org/W6684041711","https://openalex.org/W6688806467","https://openalex.org/W6689173456","https://openalex.org/W6692149674","https://openalex.org/W6700656258","https://openalex.org/W6728771690","https://openalex.org/W6730218677","https://openalex.org/W6731370813","https://openalex.org/W6732000612","https://openalex.org/W6737778391","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6740875642","https://openalex.org/W6744177583","https://openalex.org/W6745616163","https://openalex.org/W6750846951","https://openalex.org/W6751096223","https://openalex.org/W6755284406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157745755","https://openalex.org/W2737639484","https://openalex.org/W2964322605","https://openalex.org/W2186465923","https://openalex.org/W2559950387","https://openalex.org/W2939225419","https://openalex.org/W2104148441","https://openalex.org/W770111601","https://openalex.org/W2164177007","https://openalex.org/W2045408093","https://openalex.org/W3115123191","https://openalex.org/W2319226954","https://openalex.org/W2126888240","https://openalex.org/W2055853283","https://openalex.org/W2783389926","https://openalex.org/W3190632359","https://openalex.org/W2590308326","https://openalex.org/W3040341402","https://openalex.org/W2060380454","https://openalex.org/W2909311579"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Optical":[1],"character":[2,93],"recognition":[3],"(OCR)":[4],"is":[5],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,18,111],"a":[8,72,77,106,119,131],"deeper":[9],"access":[10],"to":[11,16,54,87],"historical":[12,46,132],"collections.":[13],"OCR":[14,67,89,147],"needs":[15],"account":[17],"orthographic":[19],"variations,":[20],"typefaces,":[21],"or":[22,37],"language":[23,61,137],"evolution":[24],"(i.e.,":[25],"new":[26,120],"letters,":[27],"word":[28,38,153],"spellings),":[29],"as":[30],"the":[31,48,64,101,112,125,152],"main":[32],"source":[33],"of":[34,45,60,66,79,156],"character,":[35],"word,":[36],"segmentation":[39],"transcription":[40,90,148],"errors.":[41,91],"For":[42,63],"digital":[43],"corpora":[44],"prints,":[47],"errors":[49,149],"are":[50,142],"further":[51],"exacerbated":[52],"due":[53],"low":[55],"scan":[56],"quality":[57],"and":[58,82,99,114,150],"lack":[59],"standardization.":[62],"task":[65],"post-hoc":[68],"correction,":[69],"we":[70,95,117],"propose":[71,118],"neural":[73],"approach":[74],"based":[75,104],"on":[76,105,130],"combination":[78],"recurrent":[80],"(RNN)":[81],"deep":[83],"convolutional":[84],"network":[85],"(ConvNet)":[86],"correct":[88],"At":[92],"level":[94],"flexibly":[96],"capture":[97],"errors,":[98],"decode":[100],"corrected":[102],"output":[103,115],"novel":[107],"attention":[108],"mechanism.":[109],"Accounting":[110],"input":[113],"similarity,":[116],"loss":[121],"function":[122],"that":[123,139],"rewards":[124],"model\u2019s":[126],"correcting":[127],"behavior.":[128],"Evaluation":[129],"book":[133],"corpus":[134],"in":[135,144],"German":[136],"shows":[138],"our":[140],"models":[141],"robust":[143],"capturing":[145],"diverse":[146],"reduce":[151],"error":[154],"rate":[155],"32.3%":[157],"by":[158],"more":[159],"than":[160],"89%.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
