{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159959439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00370","title":"<i>Did Aristotle Use a Laptop?</i>A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategies","display_name":"<i>Did Aristotle Use a Laptop?</i>A Question Answering Benchmark with Implicit Reasoning Strategies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159959439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00370","mag":"3159959439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00370","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00370/1924104/tacl_a_00370.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00370/1924104/tacl_a_00370.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065717258","display_name":"Mor Geva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-6315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mor Geva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for AI, United States. morgeva@mail.tau.ac.il","Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for AI, United States. morgeva@mail.tau.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043628255","display_name":"Daniel Khashabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7664-2230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Khashabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for AI, United States. danielk@allenai.org"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for AI, United States. danielk@allenai.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062198659","display_name":"Elad Segal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elad Segal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, Israel. elad.segal@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel. elad.segal@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033257344","display_name":"Tushar Khot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tushar Khot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for AI, United States. tushark@allenai.org"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for AI, United States. tushark@allenai.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023802054","display_name":"Dan Roth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1447-5173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, United States. danroth@seas.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, United States. danroth@seas.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045872048","display_name":"Jonathan Berant","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Berant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute for AI, United States. joberant@cs.tau.ac.il","Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute for AI, United States. joberant@cs.tau.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023802054","https://openalex.org/A5033257344","https://openalex.org/A5043628255","https://openalex.org/A5045872048","https://openalex.org/A5062198659","https://openalex.org/A5065717258"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192","https://openalex.org/I4210140341","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.4329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":192,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99055403,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"346","last_page":"361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8439456224441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.8339780569076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.6571500301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6308310627937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5354478359222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5115262269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49918413162231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.4819207489490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4311788082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.431056946516037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33432984352111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3271086513996124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09498178958892822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8439456224441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.8339780569076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6571500301361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6308310627937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5354478359222412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5115262269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49918413162231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.4819207489490509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4311788082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.431056946516037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33432984352111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3271086513996124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09498178958892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00370","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00370/1924104/tacl_a_00370.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f3338e6dc5114d44a03ce534d1163513","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f3338e6dc5114d44a03ce534d1163513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 9, Pp 346-361 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00370","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00370/1924104/tacl_a_00370.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159959439.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3159959439.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558203065","https://openalex.org/W2804897457","https://openalex.org/W2887107689","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2890894339","https://openalex.org/W2900065283","https://openalex.org/W2912924812","https://openalex.org/W2919420119","https://openalex.org/W2949134692","https://openalex.org/W2951328433","https://openalex.org/W2963530300","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963866616","https://openalex.org/W2964120615","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970442950","https://openalex.org/W2996848635","https://openalex.org/W3003928769","https://openalex.org/W3016828850","https://openalex.org/W3034999214","https://openalex.org/W3035503910","https://openalex.org/W3045462440","https://openalex.org/W3098324846","https://openalex.org/W3100436891","https://openalex.org/W3105662186","https://openalex.org/W3172267148","https://openalex.org/W4238634189","https://openalex.org/W6628905179","https://openalex.org/W6729938257","https://openalex.org/W6737236263","https://openalex.org/W6748778741","https://openalex.org/W6751790668","https://openalex.org/W6764256271","https://openalex.org/W6764401283","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6782204509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W2337920774","https://openalex.org/W4318823662","https://openalex.org/W2886410948","https://openalex.org/W2025875869","https://openalex.org/W3207526114","https://openalex.org/W4286908577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1,52],"key":[2],"limitation":[3],"in":[4,21,42,55,148],"current":[5],"datasets":[6],"for":[7,15,98,114],"multi-hop":[8],"reasoning":[9,38,100,112],"is":[10,58],"that":[11,82,121,146,163],"the":[12,17,36,43,92,123],"required":[13,37],"steps":[14,39,113],"answering":[16,32,115],"question":[18,31,106],"are":[19,40,150],"mentioned":[20],"it":[22],"explicitly.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25,56,169],"work,":[26],"we":[27,103,161],"introduce":[28],"StrategyQA,":[29],"a":[30,50,70,78,109,136,155],"(QA)":[33],"benchmark":[34],"where":[35],"implicit":[41],"question,":[44,138],"and":[45,95,117,141,153],"should":[46],"be":[47],"inferred":[48],"using":[49],"strategy.":[51],"fundamental":[53],"challenge":[54],"setup":[57],"how":[59],"to":[60,86,125],"elicit":[61],"such":[62],"creative":[63],"questions":[64,147],"from":[65],"crowdsourcing":[66],"workers,":[67],"while":[68,171],"covering":[69],"broad":[71],"range":[72,157],"of":[73,135,158,178],"potential":[74],"strategies.":[75,159],"We":[76],"propose":[77],"data":[79],"collection":[80],"procedure":[81],"combines":[83],"term-based":[84],"priming":[85],"inspire":[87],"annotators,":[88],"careful":[89],"control":[90],"over":[91],"annotator":[93],"population,":[94],"adversarial":[96],"filtering":[97],"eliminating":[99],"shortcuts.":[101],"Moreover,":[102],"annotate":[104],"each":[105,126,133],"with":[107],"(1)":[108],"decomposition":[110],"into":[111],"it,":[116],"(2)":[118],"Wikipedia":[119],"paragraphs":[120],"contain":[122],"answers":[124],"step.":[127],"Overall,":[128],"StrategyQA":[129,149],"includes":[130],"2,780":[131],"examples,":[132],"consisting":[134],"strategy":[137],"its":[139],"decomposition,":[140],"evidence":[142],"paragraphs.":[143],"Analysis":[144],"shows":[145],"short,":[151],"topic-diverse,":[152],"cover":[154],"wide":[156],"Empirically,":[160],"show":[162],"humans":[164],"perform":[165],"well":[166],"(87%)":[167],"on":[168],"task,":[170],"our":[172],"best":[173],"baseline":[174],"reaches":[175],"an":[176],"accuracy":[177],"\u223c":[179],"66%.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
