{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2966176804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00277","title":"Still a Pain in the Neck: Evaluating Text Representations on Lexical Composition","display_name":"Still a Pain in the Neck: Evaluating Text Representations on Lexical Composition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2966176804","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00277","mag":"2966176804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00277","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00277/1923583/tacl_a_00277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00277/1923583/tacl_a_00277.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006531172","display_name":"Vered Shwartz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1151-4379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vered Shwartz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033006575","display_name":"Ido Dagan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-3374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ido Dagan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006531172","https://openalex.org/A5033006575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.483,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97703061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"403","last_page":"419"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8221608400344849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.8026134371757507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composition","display_name":"Composition (language)","score":0.7283757925033569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.6891969442367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6713175773620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6156054735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5739409923553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5078001618385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.46542924642562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4516361355781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11538165807723999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8221608400344849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.8026134371757507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40231798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333743","display_name":"Composition (language)","level":2,"score":0.7283757925033569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.6891969442367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6713175773620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6156054735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5739409923553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5078001618385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.46542924642562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4516361355781555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11538165807723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00277","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00277/1923583/tacl_a_00277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea01cb2807de42edb32e6cc824d75427","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea01cb2807de42edb32e6cc824d75427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 7, Pp 403-419 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00277","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00277/1923583/tacl_a_00277.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7805275943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA 1600/1-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326823","display_name":"Intel Collaboration Research Institute for Computational Intelligence","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966176804.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2966176804.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20387009","https://openalex.org/W25517462","https://openalex.org/W100638832","https://openalex.org/W136741500","https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W630883834","https://openalex.org/W1255655817","https://openalex.org/W1498763386","https://openalex.org/W1502957213","https://openalex.org/W1516184288","https://openalex.org/W1530392788","https://openalex.org/W1535798890","https://openalex.org/W1608124888","https://openalex.org/W1608322251","https://openalex.org/W1781420840","https://openalex.org/W1847618513","https://openalex.org/W1889268436","https://openalex.org/W1964761760","https://openalex.org/W1984052055","https://openalex.org/W2058612241","https://openalex.org/W2059031628","https://openalex.org/W2079629183","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2100693535","https://openalex.org/W2136480620","https://openalex.org/W2143017787","https://openalex.org/W2165173456","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2204546363","https://openalex.org/W2250279774","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250962466","https://openalex.org/W2251062999","https://openalex.org/W2293834552","https://openalex.org/W2406040436","https://openalex.org/W2488375705","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2508425840","https://openalex.org/W2510998959","https://openalex.org/W2515796212","https://openalex.org/W2524182563","https://openalex.org/W2547599276","https://openalex.org/W2563574619","https://openalex.org/W2579599705","https://openalex.org/W2593390416","https://openalex.org/W2596484740","https://openalex.org/W2599992093","https://openalex.org/W2605717780","https://openalex.org/W2606502803","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2612708909","https://openalex.org/W2623751800","https://openalex.org/W2742144933","https://openalex.org/W2753392522","https://openalex.org/W2771472444","https://openalex.org/W2773621464","https://openalex.org/W2793978524","https://openalex.org/W2882319491","https://openalex.org/W2888282873","https://openalex.org/W2892181857","https://openalex.org/W2892377826","https://openalex.org/W2898764670","https://openalex.org/W2898795086","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2900065283","https://openalex.org/W2903145900","https://openalex.org/W2911828240","https://openalex.org/W2912581819","https://openalex.org/W2914130595","https://openalex.org/W2917458986","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2953369973","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962776659","https://openalex.org/W2963001247","https://openalex.org/W2963159690","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963403868","https://openalex.org/W2963499246","https://openalex.org/W2963575655","https://openalex.org/W2963626558","https://openalex.org/W2964204621","https://openalex.org/W2964222268","https://openalex.org/W2964303116","https://openalex.org/W2968573267","https://openalex.org/W3099668342","https://openalex.org/W4206786937","https://openalex.org/W4211232687","https://openalex.org/W4238634189","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231704780","https://openalex.org/W2083794993","https://openalex.org/W352609212","https://openalex.org/W1511772879","https://openalex.org/W4200340037","https://openalex.org/W4379115841","https://openalex.org/W608917066","https://openalex.org/W2039546652","https://openalex.org/W4283652261","https://openalex.org/W585424826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"meaningful":[1],"phrase":[2,7],"representations":[3,39,54],"is":[4,76],"challenging":[5],"because":[6],"meanings":[8,23],"are":[9],"not":[10],"simply":[11],"the":[12,22,25],"sum":[13],"of":[14,24,37,81,87],"their":[15,41,74],"constituent":[16,26],"meanings.":[17],"Lexical":[18],"composition":[19,93],"can":[20,95],"shift":[21,66],"words":[27],"and":[28],"introduce":[29],"implicit":[30,70],"information.":[31],"We":[32,47],"tested":[33],"a":[34],"broad":[35],"range":[36],"textual":[38],"for":[40],"capacity":[42],"to":[43,91,100],"address":[44],"these":[45],"issues.":[46],"found":[48],"that,":[49],"as":[50],"expected,":[51],"contextualized":[52],"word":[53,59],"perform":[55],"better":[56],"than":[57,67],"static":[58],"embeddings,":[60],"more":[61],"so":[62],"on":[63],"detecting":[64],"meaning":[65],"in":[68,72],"recovering":[69],"information,":[71],"which":[73],"performance":[75],"still":[77],"far":[78],"from":[79],"that":[80],"humans.":[82],"Our":[83],"evaluation":[84],"suite,":[85],"consisting":[86],"six":[88],"tasks":[89],"related":[90],"lexical":[92],"effects,":[94],"serve":[96],"future":[97],"research":[98],"aiming":[99],"improve":[101],"representations.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}