{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942639666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00262","title":"Complex Program Induction for Querying Knowledge Bases in the Absence of Gold Programs","display_name":"Complex Program Induction for Querying Knowledge Bases in the Absence of Gold Programs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942639666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00262","mag":"2942639666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00262","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00262/1924356/tacl_a_00262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00262/1924356/tacl_a_00262.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070206012","display_name":"Amrita Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-4278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amrita Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074023815","display_name":"Ghulam Ahmed Ansari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Ahmed Ansari","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102834658","display_name":"Abhishek Laddha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Laddha","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060561123","display_name":"Karthik Sankaranarayanan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-6746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103279","display_name":"IBM Research - India","ror":"https://ror.org/014wt7r80","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210103279","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Sankaranarayanan","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457009","display_name":"Soumen Chakrabarti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9419-7486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumen Chakrabarti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060561123","https://openalex.org/A5070206012","https://openalex.org/A5074023815","https://openalex.org/A5101457009","https://openalex.org/A5102834658"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531","https://openalex.org/I4210103279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5133,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.966018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"185","last_page":"200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8921876549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.7744094729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmer","display_name":"Programmer","score":0.6624773144721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5691266655921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5365386605262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.5200852751731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5174134969711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"Program synthesis","score":0.514963686466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4526521861553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.35913825035095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3197786211967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10072100162506104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8921876549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.7744094729423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778514511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374194","display_name":"Programmer","level":2,"score":0.6624773144721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5691266655921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5365386605262756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.5200852751731873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5174134969711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.514963686466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4526521861553192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35913825035095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3197786211967468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10072100162506104}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00262","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00262/1924356/tacl_a_00262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a9591e65064424ea1ed096376db075d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3a9591e65064424ea1ed096376db075d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 7, Pp 185-200 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00262","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article-pdf/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00262/1924356/tacl_a_00262.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W196393734","https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1538021842","https://openalex.org/W1578521162","https://openalex.org/W1592847719","https://openalex.org/W1981419611","https://openalex.org/W1987902506","https://openalex.org/W2050930276","https://openalex.org/W2070246124","https://openalex.org/W2101964891","https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2120369799","https://openalex.org/W2121517924","https://openalex.org/W2127795553","https://openalex.org/W2158548602","https://openalex.org/W2160371091","https://openalex.org/W2176263492","https://openalex.org/W2194321275","https://openalex.org/W2250533497","https://openalex.org/W2251079237","https://openalex.org/W2252136820","https://openalex.org/W2511149293","https://openalex.org/W2546950329","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2593390416","https://openalex.org/W2595233870","https://openalex.org/W2597601064","https://openalex.org/W2605023530","https://openalex.org/W2606607930","https://openalex.org/W2612228435","https://openalex.org/W2785423445","https://openalex.org/W2786472750","https://openalex.org/W2907262778","https://openalex.org/W2913100551","https://openalex.org/W2949800357","https://openalex.org/W2963055053","https://openalex.org/W2963143606","https://openalex.org/W2963380480","https://openalex.org/W2963448850","https://openalex.org/W2963794306","https://openalex.org/W2963929497","https://openalex.org/W2963937837","https://openalex.org/W2964059756","https://openalex.org/W2964152081","https://openalex.org/W2964212344","https://openalex.org/W3137298232","https://openalex.org/W4230563027"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378994405","https://openalex.org/W2385974820","https://openalex.org/W2373478030","https://openalex.org/W2378679551","https://openalex.org/W2167262454","https://openalex.org/W1528423264","https://openalex.org/W2761958682","https://openalex.org/W810225453","https://openalex.org/W2791689149","https://openalex.org/W1572765551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"seen":[3],"increasingly":[4],"complex":[5,36,144,160],"question-answering":[6],"on":[7],"knowledge":[8],"bases":[9],"(KBQA)":[10],"involving":[11],"logical,":[12],"quantitative,":[13],"and":[14,75,101,124,138,153,199],"comparative":[15],"reasoning":[16,31],"over":[17],"KB":[18,136],"subgraphs.":[19],"Neural":[20],"Program":[21,107],"Induction":[22,108],"(NPI)":[23],"is":[24],"a":[25,35,41,195],"pragmatic":[26],"approach":[27],"toward":[28],"modularizing":[29],"the":[30,52,76,126,175,181],"process":[32],"by":[33,194,202],"translating":[34],"natural":[37,72],"language":[38,73],"query":[39],"into":[40],"multi-step":[42],"executable":[43],"program.":[44],"While":[45],"NPI":[46,97],"has":[47],"been":[48],"commonly":[49],"trained":[50],"with":[51,92,121,188],"\u2018\u2018gold\u2019\u2019":[53],"program":[54,89,127],"or":[55],"its":[56],"sketch,":[57],"for":[58,82,98],"realistic":[59],"KBQA":[60,99,145],"applications":[61],"such":[62],"gold":[63],"programs":[64,132,185],"are":[65],"expensive":[66],"to":[67,129,164],"obtain.":[68],"There,":[69],"practically":[70],"only":[71],"queries":[74,161],"corresponding":[77],"answers":[78],"can":[79],"be":[80],"provided":[81],"training.":[83],"The":[84],"resulting":[85],"combinatorial":[86],"explosion":[87],"in":[88],"space,":[90],"along":[91],"extremely":[93],"sparse":[94],"rewards,":[95,123],"makes":[96],"ambitious":[100],"challenging.":[102],"We":[103],"present":[104],"Complex":[105],"Imperative":[106],"from":[109],"Terminal":[110],"Rewards":[111],"(CIPITR),":[112],"an":[113],"advanced":[114],"neural":[115,154],"programmer":[116],"that":[117],"mitigates":[118],"reward":[119],"sparsity":[120],"auxiliary":[122],"restricts":[125],"space":[128],"semantically":[130],"correct":[131],"using":[133],"high-level":[134],"constraints,":[135],"schema,":[137],"inferred":[139],"answer":[140],"type.":[141],"CIPITR":[142,167,191],"solves":[143],"considerably":[146],"more":[147],"accurately":[148],"than":[149,174],"key-value":[150],"memory":[151,200],"networks":[152,201],"symbolic":[155],"machines":[156],"(NSM).":[157],"For":[158],"moderately":[159],"requiring":[162],"2-":[163],"5-step":[165],"programs,":[166],"scores":[168],"at":[169],"least":[170],"3\u00d7":[171],"higher":[172],"F1":[173],"competing":[176],"systems.":[177],"On":[178],"one":[179],"of":[180,184,197],"hardest":[182],"class":[183],"(comparative":[186],"reasoning)":[187],"5\u201310":[189],"steps,":[190],"outperforms":[192],"NSM":[193],"factor":[196],"89":[198],"9":[203],"times.":[204],"1":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
