{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2185175083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","title":"From image descriptions to visual denotations: New similarity metrics for semantic inference over event descriptions","display_name":"From image descriptions to visual denotations: New similarity metrics for semantic inference over event descriptions","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2185175083","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","mag":"2185175083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109313611","display_name":"Peter Young","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter Young","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044911994","display_name":"Alice Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alice Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111974003","display_name":"Micah Hodosh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Micah Hodosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042661827","display_name":"Julia Hockenmaier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2796-1752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julia Hockenmaier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042661827","https://openalex.org/A5044911994","https://openalex.org/A5109313611","https://openalex.org/A5111974003"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":90.9531,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2442,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99953685,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"67","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7881973385810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.682758629322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.650729775428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denotation","display_name":"Denotation (semiotics)","score":0.6428419947624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6027002334594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5837065577507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5566749572753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.5480879545211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4759663939476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45204877853393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4418943226337433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4213516116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33523011207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2517813742160797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.14911949634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10751354694366455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7881973385810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.682758629322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.650729775428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149106765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982453","display_name":"Denotation (semiotics)","level":3,"score":0.6428419947624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6027002334594727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5837065577507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5566749572753906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5480879545211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4759663939476013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45204877853393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4418943226337433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4213516116142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33523011207580566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2517813742160797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.14911949634552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10751354694366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139997677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60195","display_name":"Semiotics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.679.9700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.679.9700","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://anthology.aclweb.org/Q/Q14/Q14-1006.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.680.9039","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.680.9039","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/TACLDenotationGraph.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.718.5753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.718.5753","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://web.engr.illinois.edu/%7Eaylai2/publications/TACL2014DenotationGraph.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:351c68904b8948df9d0f0feb9463f97c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/351c68904b8948df9d0f0feb9463f97c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1684752547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1053856","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6283759318","display_name":"INT2-Medium:    Understanding the meaning of images","funder_award_id":"0803603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6671297155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CAREER","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7951343496","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1205627","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2185175083.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2185175083.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8316075","https://openalex.org/W68733909","https://openalex.org/W77146693","https://openalex.org/W114341944","https://openalex.org/W956551720","https://openalex.org/W1519238856","https://openalex.org/W1531645008","https://openalex.org/W1591659308","https://openalex.org/W1593045043","https://openalex.org/W1647729745","https://openalex.org/W1687846465","https://openalex.org/W1765590467","https://openalex.org/W1858383477","https://openalex.org/W1897761818","https://openalex.org/W1942015218","https://openalex.org/W1984052055","https://openalex.org/W2001722583","https://openalex.org/W2007709031","https://openalex.org/W2012180588","https://openalex.org/W2050096760","https://openalex.org/W2066134726","https://openalex.org/W2066770300","https://openalex.org/W2100258351","https://openalex.org/W2101941521","https://openalex.org/W2109586012","https://openalex.org/W2117805756","https://openalex.org/W2120779048","https://openalex.org/W2129909699","https://openalex.org/W2130158090","https://openalex.org/W2131253837","https://openalex.org/W2149172860","https://openalex.org/W2157220174","https://openalex.org/W2164290393","https://openalex.org/W2251717670","https://openalex.org/W2251861449","https://openalex.org/W2882319491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358394270","https://openalex.org/W2394287476","https://openalex.org/W2801965739","https://openalex.org/W3137642133","https://openalex.org/W2997948180","https://openalex.org/W2380654781","https://openalex.org/W2114797768","https://openalex.org/W2176214140","https://openalex.org/W2516873349","https://openalex.org/W1990601549"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"to":[2,17,26],"use":[3],"the":[4,11],"visual":[5],"denotations":[6],"of":[7,13,66],"linguistic":[8],"expressions":[9],"(i.e.":[10],"set":[12],"images":[14,68],"they":[15],"describe)":[16],"define":[18],"novel":[19],"denotational":[20,45],"similarity":[21],"metrics,":[22],"which":[23],"we":[24,47],"show":[25],"be":[27],"at":[28],"least":[29],"as":[30,32],"beneficial":[31],"distributional":[33],"similarities":[34],"for":[35],"two":[36],"tasks":[37],"that":[38],"require":[39],"semantic":[40],"inference.":[41],"To":[42],"compute":[43],"these":[44],"similarities,":[46],"construct":[48],"a":[49,53,63],"denotation":[50],"graph,":[51],"i.e.":[52],"subsumption":[54],"hierarchy":[55],"over":[56],"constituents":[57],"and":[58,69],"their":[59],"denotations,":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62],"large":[64],"corpus":[65],"30K":[67],"150K":[70],"descriptive":[71],"captions.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":291},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":313},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":319},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":215},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":299},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":219},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":207},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":147},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":123},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":77},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}