{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2174372777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","title":"Combining Minimally-supervised Methods for Arabic Named Entity Recognition","display_name":"Combining Minimally-supervised Methods for Arabic Named Entity Recognition","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2174372777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","mag":"2174372777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049157081","display_name":"Maha Jarallah Althobaiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8734-4011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maha Althobaiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014534985","display_name":"Udo Kruschwitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5503-0341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Udo Kruschwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047065550","display_name":"Massimo Poesio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-2072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Poesio","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,                         Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex,\n Colchester, UK,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014534985","https://openalex.org/A5047065550","https://openalex.org/A5049157081"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4483,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94924096,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"243","last_page":"255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8254901170730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7278574109077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6699445247650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.6129603385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.572623610496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.518217146396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.48917463421821594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.47076037526130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4511781930923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4328758716583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3295634388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.07515287399291992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8254901170730591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7278574109077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6699445247650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.6129603385925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.572623610496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.518217146396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.48917463421821594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.47076037526130676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4511781930923462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4328758716583252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3295634388923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.07515287399291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.uni-regensburg.de:40345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401229","display_name":"University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60668342","host_organization_name":"University of Regensburg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60668342"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:756a282b310f4a73a5178baa2a475b5f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/756a282b310f4a73a5178baa2a475b5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 3 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00136","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2174372777.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2174372777.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9014458","https://openalex.org/W136407171","https://openalex.org/W167355512","https://openalex.org/W171093852","https://openalex.org/W197270748","https://openalex.org/W785060174","https://openalex.org/W1459599406","https://openalex.org/W1505506221","https://openalex.org/W1520131719","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1542601440","https://openalex.org/W1597032530","https://openalex.org/W1605688901","https://openalex.org/W1728883788","https://openalex.org/W1814730318","https://openalex.org/W1850527962","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2020278455","https://openalex.org/W2055149389","https://openalex.org/W2056451646","https://openalex.org/W2061351603","https://openalex.org/W2070674634","https://openalex.org/W2099253769","https://openalex.org/W2099942883","https://openalex.org/W2101040242","https://openalex.org/W2104912629","https://openalex.org/W2107598941","https://openalex.org/W2111216449","https://openalex.org/W2111377268","https://openalex.org/W2120844411","https://openalex.org/W2138780451","https://openalex.org/W2140480387","https://openalex.org/W2148398225","https://openalex.org/W2152761983","https://openalex.org/W2154210598","https://openalex.org/W2157010107","https://openalex.org/W2175108069","https://openalex.org/W2177399422","https://openalex.org/W2250402023","https://openalex.org/W2250783611","https://openalex.org/W2251311344","https://openalex.org/W2251330961","https://openalex.org/W2251419334","https://openalex.org/W2529562092","https://openalex.org/W2797563284","https://openalex.org/W4237530236","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W122912556","https://openalex.org/W1586607209","https://openalex.org/W4312414840","https://openalex.org/W2621411691","https://openalex.org/W2271357838","https://openalex.org/W2556866732","https://openalex.org/W2348322200","https://openalex.org/W2981952041","https://openalex.org/W2328989934","https://openalex.org/W4288358127"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Supervised":[0],"methods":[1,34,57],"can":[2],"achieve":[3,73],"high":[4,62],"performance":[5,48,165],"on":[6],"NLP":[7],"tasks,":[8],"such":[9,35],"as":[10,36],"Named":[11],"Entity":[12],"Recognition":[13],"(NER),":[14],"but":[15,42,64,76],"new":[16,22],"annotations":[17],"are":[18],"required":[19],"for":[20,150],"every":[21],"domain":[23],"and/or":[24],"genre":[25],"change.":[26],"This":[27,79],"has":[28,45],"motivated":[29],"research":[30],"in":[31,164],"minimally":[32,94],"supervised":[33,54,95],"semi-supervised":[37,112,120],"learning":[38,70,115,128],"and":[39,113,123,130],"distant":[40,69,114,127],"learning,":[41],"neither":[43],"technique":[44],"yet":[46],"achieved":[47],"levels":[49],"comparable":[50],"to":[51,59,72,105,154,161],"those":[52],"of":[53,93,111,137,166],"methods.":[55,96],"Semi-supervised":[56],"tend":[58],"have":[60],"very":[61],"precision":[63],"comparatively":[65],"low":[66],"recall,":[67],"whereas":[68],"tends":[71],"higher":[74],"recall":[75],"lower":[77],"precision.":[78],"complementarity":[80],"suggests":[81],"that":[82],"better":[83],"results":[84],"may":[85],"be":[86],"obtained":[87],"by":[88],"combining":[89],"the":[90,142,157,171],"two":[91],"types":[92],"In":[97],"this":[98],"paper":[99],"we":[100],"present":[101],"a":[102,109,119,135],"novel":[103],"approach":[104],"Arabic":[106],"NER":[107,121],"using":[108,126,134],"combination":[110,139],"techniques.":[116],"We":[117],"trained":[118],"classifier":[122,138],"another":[124],"one":[125],"techniques,":[129],"then":[131],"combined":[132],"them":[133],"variety":[136],"schemes,":[140],"including":[141],"Bayesian":[143],"Classifier":[144],"Combination":[145],"(BCC)":[146],"procedure":[147],"recently":[148],"proposed":[149],"sentiment":[151],"analysis.":[152],"According":[153],"our":[155],"results,":[156],"BCC":[158],"model":[159],"leads":[160],"an":[162],"increase":[163],"8":[167],"percentage":[168],"points":[169],"over":[170],"best":[172],"base":[173],"classifiers.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
