{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2534253848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","title":"Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification","display_name":"Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2534253848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","mag":"2534253848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070905937","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7044-3232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012470628","display_name":"Courtney Napoles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-660X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Courtney Napoles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053850863","display_name":"Ellie Pavlick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7155-5420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ellie Pavlick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037054163","display_name":"Quan Ze Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Quanze Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068508539","display_name":"Chris Callison-Burch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8196-1943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chris Callison-Burch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science Department, University of Pennsylvania,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012470628","https://openalex.org/A5037054163","https://openalex.org/A5053850863","https://openalex.org/A5068508539","https://openalex.org/A5070905937"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.4753,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":518,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99802284,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"401","last_page":"415"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.919908344745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.877182126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7285380959510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6308339834213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6276189684867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.6216261386871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-of-machine-translation","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","score":0.5909857749938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.5807426571846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.5434073209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","score":0.4472641348838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4446745216846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.42897284030914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.4135719835758209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34517794847488403}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.919908344745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.877182126045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7285380959510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6308339834213257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6276189684867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.6216261386871338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135784402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6958279","display_name":"Evaluation of machine translation","level":5,"score":0.5909857749938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.5807426571846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.5434073209762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130597682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961922","display_name":"Transfer-based machine translation","level":4,"score":0.4472641348838806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4446745216846466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42897284030914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.4135719835758209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34517794847488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:47d5b802088b46908f1733d5b205545d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/47d5b802088b46908f1733d5b205545d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 4 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","pdf_url":"http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/tacl_a_00107","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4233727642","display_name":"EAGER: Simplification as Machine Translation","funder_award_id":"1430651","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8131016484","display_name":"Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)","funder_award_id":"1232825","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2534253848.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2534253848.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22627370","https://openalex.org/W32283444","https://openalex.org/W43782033","https://openalex.org/W45452291","https://openalex.org/W62473634","https://openalex.org/W93515796","https://openalex.org/W1507711477","https://openalex.org/W1574248228","https://openalex.org/W1629275429","https://openalex.org/W1638924786","https://openalex.org/W1746111881","https://openalex.org/W1849233979","https://openalex.org/W1860244352","https://openalex.org/W1872907992","https://openalex.org/W1874311220","https://openalex.org/W2011544221","https://openalex.org/W2025746854","https://openalex.org/W2042262613","https://openalex.org/W2063490579","https://openalex.org/W2081388731","https://openalex.org/W2099092905","https://openalex.org/W2108373063","https://openalex.org/W2109802560","https://openalex.org/W2112282043","https://openalex.org/W2115094368","https://openalex.org/W2115769265","https://openalex.org/W2119954850","https://openalex.org/W2133182690","https://openalex.org/W2138238299","https://openalex.org/W2140054881","https://openalex.org/W2143927888","https://openalex.org/W2145882814","https://openalex.org/W2146574666","https://openalex.org/W2153013403","https://openalex.org/W2153982529","https://openalex.org/W2156422881","https://openalex.org/W2162499915","https://openalex.org/W2164290393","https://openalex.org/W2164441316","https://openalex.org/W2168966090","https://openalex.org/W2180952760","https://openalex.org/W2250347388","https://openalex.org/W2250355796","https://openalex.org/W2250365808","https://openalex.org/W2250531756","https://openalex.org/W2250616809","https://openalex.org/W2251044566","https://openalex.org/W2251127293","https://openalex.org/W2251334348","https://openalex.org/W2251502670","https://openalex.org/W2251654079","https://openalex.org/W2251831371","https://openalex.org/W2251933807","https://openalex.org/W2252001469","https://openalex.org/W2252164374","https://openalex.org/W2294498899","https://openalex.org/W2296307963","https://openalex.org/W2296562594","https://openalex.org/W2315316408","https://openalex.org/W2401830275","https://openalex.org/W2437005631","https://openalex.org/W2508661403","https://openalex.org/W2523717353","https://openalex.org/W2962965405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2587602790","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2365622614","https://openalex.org/W2358501627","https://openalex.org/W4312364893","https://openalex.org/W2377856297","https://openalex.org/W2507994462","https://openalex.org/W4385571464","https://openalex.org/W2610387714","https://openalex.org/W2771096531"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"recent":[1],"sentence":[2],"simplification":[3,91],"systems":[4],"use":[5],"basic":[6],"machine":[7,50],"translation":[8,51],"models":[9],"to":[10,38,52,80],"learn":[11],"lexical":[12],"and":[13,29,65,89],"syntactic":[14],"paraphrases":[15,60],"from":[16,62],"a":[17,66],"manually":[18,32],"simplified":[19,33],"parallel":[20],"corpus.":[21],"These":[22],"methods":[23],"are":[24,36,85],"limited":[25],"by":[26],"the":[27,78],"quality":[28],"quantity":[30],"of":[31,48,58,69],"corpora,":[34],"which":[35,93],"expensive":[37],"build.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41,99],"paper,":[42],"we":[43],"conduct":[44],"an":[45],"in-depth":[46],"adaptation":[47],"statistical":[49],"perform":[53],"text":[54],"simplification,":[55],"taking":[56],"advantage":[57],"large-scale":[59],"learned":[61],"bilingual":[63],"texts":[64],"small":[67],"amount":[68],"manual":[70],"simplifications":[71],"with":[72],"multiple":[73],"references.":[74],"Our":[75],"work":[76],"is":[77],"first":[79],"design":[81],"automatic":[82],"metrics":[83],"that":[84],"effective":[86],"for":[87,98],"tuning":[88],"evaluating":[90],"systems,":[92],"will":[94],"facilitate":[95],"iterative":[96],"development":[97],"task.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
