{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2179519966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","title":"Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs","display_name":"Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2179519966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","mag":"2179519966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112020988","display_name":"Jason Chiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason P.C. Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of British Columbia,",", University of British Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of British Columbia,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", University of British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056903330","display_name":"Eric Nichols","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0734-6621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283473643","display_name":"Honda (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jzay846","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Nichols","raw_affiliation_strings":["Honda Research Institute Japan Co.,Ltd.,","Honda Research Institute Japan, Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honda Research Institute Japan Co.,Ltd.,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Honda Research Institute Japan, Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283473643"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.6342,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99662863,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"357","last_page":"370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8934448957443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.8520772457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7025413513183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.693631649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6595115661621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.6426655054092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.6190345883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5385843515396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5377203822135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4727120101451874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.43551790714263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.43050646781921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.42518752813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3028107285499573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.1663547158241272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8934448957443237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.8520772457122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7025413513183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.693631649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6595115661621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.6426655054092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.6190345883369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5385843515396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5377203822135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4727120101451874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43551790714263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.43050646781921387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.42518752813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3028107285499573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.1663547158241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1511.08308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.08308","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2179519966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.08308v5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbfee97f8d8b4c70a83fc50017d445c9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbfee97f8d8b4c70a83fc50017d445c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol 4 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.08308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.08308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W24956509","https://openalex.org/W102708294","https://openalex.org/W203156346","https://openalex.org/W753012316","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1570587036","https://openalex.org/W1899794420","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1951216520","https://openalex.org/W1951325712","https://openalex.org/W2004763266","https://openalex.org/W2042188227","https://openalex.org/W2056894934","https://openalex.org/W2088911157","https://openalex.org/W2104518905","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2155069789","https://openalex.org/W2158139315","https://openalex.org/W2168596788","https://openalex.org/W2169245194","https://openalex.org/W2172140247","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251206760","https://openalex.org/W2251559320","https://openalex.org/W2293004735","https://openalex.org/W2474824677","https://openalex.org/W2949300694","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2952230511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2004763266","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2963625095","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2144578941","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W1951325712","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W1938755728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Named":[0],"entity":[1,158],"recognition":[2],"is":[3,94],"a":[4,32,45,62],"challenging":[5],"task":[6],"that":[7,37,149],"has":[8],"traditionally":[9],"required":[10],"large":[11],"amounts":[12],"of":[13,18,65,106,131,139],"knowledge":[14],"in":[15,70],"the":[16,53,97,102,107,111,132],"form":[17],"feature":[19,57,152],"engineering":[20],"and":[21,41,49,73,87,100,143,156],"lexicons":[22,122],"to":[23,76],"achieve":[24],"high":[25],"performance.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"paper,":[29],"we":[30,127],"present":[31],"novel":[33,63],"neural":[34,71],"network":[35],"architecture":[36],"automatically":[38],"detects":[39],"word-":[40],"character-level":[42],"features":[43],"using":[44,120],"hybrid":[46],"bidirectional":[47],"LSTM":[48],"CNN":[50],"architecture,":[51],"eliminating":[52],"need":[54],"for":[55],"most":[56],"engineering.":[58],"We":[59],"also":[60],"propose":[61],"method":[64],"encoding":[66],"partial":[67],"lexicon":[68],"matches":[69],"networks":[72],"compare":[74],"it":[75],"existing":[77],"approaches.":[78],"Extensive":[79],"evaluation":[80],"shows":[81],"that,":[82],"given":[83],"only":[84],"tokenized":[85],"text":[86],"publicly":[88],"available":[89],"word":[90],"embeddings,":[91],"our":[92],"system":[93],"competitive":[95],"on":[96,110,141,145],"CoNLL-2003":[98,142],"dataset":[99,114],"surpasses":[101],"previously":[103],"reported":[104],"state":[105,130],"art":[108,133],"performance":[109,134],"OntoNotes":[112],"5.0":[113],"by":[115],"2.13":[116],"F1":[117,137],"points.":[118],"By":[119],"two":[121],"constructed":[123],"from":[124],"publicly-available":[125],"sources,":[126],"establish":[128],"new":[129],"with":[135],"an":[136],"score":[138],"91.62":[140],"86.28":[144],"OntoNotes,":[146],"surpassing":[147],"systems":[148],"employ":[150],"heavy":[151],"engineering,":[153],"proprietary":[154],"lexicons,":[155],"rich":[157],"linking":[159],"information.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}