{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417414093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746","title":"LMEnt: A Suite for Analyzing Knowledge in Language Models from Pretraining Data to Representations","display_name":"LMEnt: A Suite for Analyzing Knowledge in Language Models from Pretraining Data to Representations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417414093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099282585","display_name":"Daniela Gottesman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Gottesman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University, gottesman3@mail.tau.ac.il"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University, gottesman3@mail.tau.ac.il","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120828668","display_name":"Alon Gilae-Dotan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alon Gilaie-Dotan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087870256","display_name":"I. Bernard Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8142-9092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ido Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115904413","display_name":"Yoav Gur-Arieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoav Gur-Arieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084471503","display_name":"Marius Mosbach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164802","display_name":"Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05c22rx21","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marius Mosbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mila - Quebec AI Institute & McGill University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mila - Quebec AI Institute & McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164802","https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052315546","display_name":"Ori Yoran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ori Yoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065717258","display_name":"Mor Geva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-6315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mor Geva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tel Aviv University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tel Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02084212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1654","last_page":"1691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.47999998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.47999998927116394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.12399999797344208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.07909999787807465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suite","display_name":"Suite","score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-acquisition","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-model","display_name":"Causal model","score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-based-systems","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.33410000801086426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.570900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5685999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124469403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813993","display_name":"Procedural knowledge","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56814567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323686","display_name":"Explicit knowledge","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14156362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235388","display_name":"Descriptive knowledge","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45493050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7884934","display_name":"Unified Model","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.03405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.03405","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.03405","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.03405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.03405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/tacl.a.746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl.a.746","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2729999759","display_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","issn_l":"2307-387X","issn":["2307-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320244","host_organization_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320244"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computational Linguistics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Language":[1],"models":[2,18,93],"(LMs)":[3],"increasingly":[4],"drive":[5],"real-world":[6],"applications":[7],"that":[8,64,129],"require":[9],"world":[10,29],"knowledge.":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,28,118],"internal":[14],"processes":[15],"through":[16],"which":[17],"turn":[19],"data":[20,63,112],"into":[21],"representations":[22],"of":[23,120,168,177],"knowledge":[24,95,124,178,182],"and":[25,73,83,113,132,188],"beliefs":[26],"about":[27],"are":[30,135,154,166],"poorly":[31],"understood.":[32],"To":[33],"facilitate":[34],"such":[35],"studies,":[36],"we":[37],"present":[38],"LMEnt,":[39],"a":[40,44,101],"suite":[41],"including":[42,181],"(1)":[43],"knowledge-rich":[45],"pretraining":[46,62,111],"corpus,":[47],"fully":[48],"annotated":[49],"with":[50,78,87,139],"entity":[51,108,130],"mentions":[52,109],"based":[53],"on":[54,94],"Wikipedia,":[55],"(2)":[56],"an":[57],"entity-based":[58],"retrieval":[59],"method":[60],"over":[61,126,164],"outperforms":[65],"existing":[66,140],"tools":[67],"by":[68,122],"as":[69,71,145],"much":[70],"80.4%,":[72],"(3)":[74],"12":[75],"pretrained":[76],"LMs":[77,146],"up":[79],"to":[80,90,137,156,174],"1B":[81],"parameters":[82],"4K":[84],"intermediate":[85],"checkpoints,":[86],"comparable":[88],"performance":[89],"popular":[91],"open-source":[92],"tasks.":[96],"Together,":[97],"these":[98],"resources":[99],"provide":[100],"controlled":[102],"environment":[103],"for":[104],"analyzing":[105],"connections":[106],"between":[107,150],"in":[110,161,179],"downstream":[114],"performance.":[115],"We":[116,171],"show":[117],"utility":[119],"LMEnt":[121,173],"studying":[123],"acquisition":[125],"training,":[127],"finding":[128],"co-occurrence":[131],"mention":[133],"forms\u2014which":[134],"difficult":[136],"study":[138],"tools\u2014affect":[141],"learning":[142,189],"trends.":[143],"Moreover,":[144],"form":[147],"stronger":[148],"associations":[149],"entities,":[151],"their":[152],"facts":[153],"harder":[155],"edit":[157],"in-context,":[158],"whereas":[159],"inconsistencies":[160],"model":[162],"predictions":[163],"training":[165],"indicative":[167],"editing":[169],"success.":[170],"release":[172],"support":[175],"studies":[176],"LMs,":[180],"representations,":[183],"plasticity,":[184],"editing,":[185],"attribution,":[186],"hallucinations,":[187],"dynamics.":[190],"huggingface.co/LMEnt":[191],"github.com/LMEnt":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}