{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013212475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041","title":"How common are explicit research questions in journal articles?","display_name":"How common are explicit research questions in journal articles?","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013212475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041","mag":"3013212475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss_a_00041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article-pdf/1/2/730/1885851/qss_a_00041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article-pdf/1/2/730/1885851/qss_a_00041.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034823602","display_name":"Mike Thelwall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-205X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mike Thelwall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV4 4ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-205X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV4 4ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037710858","display_name":"Amalia M\u00e1s-Bleda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-424X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amalia Mas-Bleda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV4 4ST, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5927-424X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV4 4ST, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034823602"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"],"apc_list":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"apc_paid":{"value":800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":800},"fwci":2.0059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87216774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"730","last_page":"748"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9397000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminology","display_name":"Terminology","score":0.9148660898208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidisciplinary-approach","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","score":0.7226784229278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scholarship","display_name":"Scholarship","score":0.5898520350456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4979565143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.44868576526641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.38362666964530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35908228158950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.30133354663848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.27271389961242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1562846601009369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.130538672208786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.11873388290405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09187391400337219}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.9148660898208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22467394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849359","display_name":"Multidisciplinary approach","level":2,"score":0.7226784229278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.5898520350456238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4979565143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.44868576526641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.38362666964530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35908228158950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.30133354663848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27271389961242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1562846601009369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.130538672208786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11873388290405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09187391400337219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss_a_00041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article-pdf/1/2/730/1885851/qss_a_00041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5bfaa23afc64447cb6eabf0dd1a35851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bfaa23afc64447cb6eabf0dd1a35851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wlv.openrepository.com:2436/623125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2436/623125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401000","display_name":"Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","host_organization_name":"University of Wolverhampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qss_a_00041","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00041","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article-pdf/1/2/730/1885851/qss_a_00041.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195326","display_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","issn_l":"2641-3337","issn":["2641-3337"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quantitative Science Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013212475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013212475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47722384","https://openalex.org/W151148705","https://openalex.org/W155402752","https://openalex.org/W205532704","https://openalex.org/W1232149359","https://openalex.org/W1532697546","https://openalex.org/W1568715166","https://openalex.org/W1846794520","https://openalex.org/W1968502212","https://openalex.org/W1969780705","https://openalex.org/W1974590170","https://openalex.org/W1995002422","https://openalex.org/W1998884524","https://openalex.org/W2002993758","https://openalex.org/W2007254456","https://openalex.org/W2009094563","https://openalex.org/W2010986435","https://openalex.org/W2012116214","https://openalex.org/W2013672091","https://openalex.org/W2015914613","https://openalex.org/W2020185778","https://openalex.org/W2021730642","https://openalex.org/W2026644755","https://openalex.org/W2037514545","https://openalex.org/W2049579471","https://openalex.org/W2067195357","https://openalex.org/W2068262400","https://openalex.org/W2073247729","https://openalex.org/W2074296037","https://openalex.org/W2079380677","https://openalex.org/W2089553111","https://openalex.org/W2111942242","https://openalex.org/W2116000339","https://openalex.org/W2116810060","https://openalex.org/W2123180161","https://openalex.org/W2145377220","https://openalex.org/W2152049907","https://openalex.org/W2153050064","https://openalex.org/W2171933098","https://openalex.org/W2304187935","https://openalex.org/W2519472701","https://openalex.org/W2737616520","https://openalex.org/W2745891305","https://openalex.org/W2921303223","https://openalex.org/W2976954307","https://openalex.org/W3098577221","https://openalex.org/W3103443220","https://openalex.org/W4296024375","https://openalex.org/W4299699686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2614173793","https://openalex.org/W2025237499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Although":[1],"explicitly":[2,39,68,111,174],"labeled":[3,175],"research":[4,36,106,176,181],"questions":[5,37,64,107,177],"seem":[6],"to":[7,10,34,51],"be":[8,135,168],"central":[9],"some":[11],"fields,":[12,191],"others":[13],"do":[14],"not":[15],"need":[16],"them.":[17],"This":[18,29],"may":[19,134],"confuse":[20],"authors,":[21],"editors,":[22,162],"readers,":[23,163],"and":[24,76,79,82,102,145,164],"reviewers":[25,165],"of":[26,44,47,119,154,173],"multidisciplinary":[27],"research.":[28],"article":[30],"assesses":[31],"the":[32,84,90,171],"extent":[33],"which":[35,94],"are":[38],"mentioned":[40,69,110],"in":[41,74,93,112,151,156,186],"17":[42],"out":[43],"22":[45],"areas":[46],"scholarship":[48],"from":[49],"2000":[50],"2018":[52],"by":[53,72],"searching":[54],"over":[55],"a":[56,117,152],"million":[57],"full-text":[58],"open":[59],"access":[60],"journal":[61],"articles.":[62],"Research":[63],"were":[65,83,96,108],"almost":[66],"never":[67],"(under":[70],"2%)":[71],"articles":[73,155],"engineering":[75],"physical,":[77],"life,":[78],"medical":[80],"sciences,":[81],"exception":[85],"(always":[86],"under":[87],"20%)":[88],"for":[89,125,130],"broad":[91,158,190],"fields":[92,114],"they":[95],"least":[97],"rare:":[98],"computing,":[99],"philosophy,":[100],"theology,":[101],"social":[103],"sciences.":[104],"Nevertheless,":[105],"increasingly":[109],"all":[113,189],"investigated,":[115],"despite":[116],"rate":[118],"1.8%":[120],"overall":[121],"(1.1%":[122],"after":[123],"correcting":[124],"irrelevant":[126],"matches).":[127],"Other":[128],"terminology":[129,149,183],"an":[131],"article\u2019s":[132],"purpose":[133,182],"more":[136],"widely":[137],"used":[138],"instead,":[139],"including":[140],"aims,":[141],"objectives,":[142],"goals,":[143],"hypotheses,":[144],"purposes,":[146],"although":[147,192],"no":[148],"occurs":[150],"majority":[153],"any":[157],"field":[159],"tested.":[160],"Authors,":[161],"should":[166],"therefore":[167],"aware":[169],"that":[170],"use":[172],"or":[178,188],"other":[179],"explicit":[180],"is":[184,194],"nonstandard":[185],"most":[187],"it":[193],"becoming":[195],"less":[196],"rare.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}