{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020021470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00112","title":"Behavioral Presence Test in Threatening Virtual Environments","display_name":"Behavioral Presence Test in Threatening Virtual Environments","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020021470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00112","mag":"2020021470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/pres_a_00112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017049975","display_name":"\u00c9ric Malbos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-0133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Malbos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009313813","display_name":"Ronald M. Rapee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-1076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald M. Rapee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016739848","display_name":"Manolya Kavakli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manolya Kavakli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia","Department of Computing, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Sydney, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, NSW 2109 Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017049975"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9957,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85724629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"268","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9430999755859375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9404000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.6477261781692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.5842352509498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.5778141021728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.5436238050460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operationalization","display_name":"Operationalization","score":0.536637544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-psychology","display_name":"Applied psychology","score":0.5102043151855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.47476673126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4683467745780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.45906832814216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct-validity","display_name":"Construct validity","score":0.4375925362110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34800782799720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-psychology","display_name":"Clinical psychology","score":0.319271445274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometrics","display_name":"Psychometrics","score":0.30130964517593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.2528727650642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2174954116344452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6477261781692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.5842352509498596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5778141021728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.5436238050460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.536637544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.5102043151855469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.47476673126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4683467745780945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.45906832814216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.4375925362110138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34800782799720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.319271445274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.30130964517593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2528727650642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2174954116344452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/pres_a_00112","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96998889","https://openalex.org/W104998059","https://openalex.org/W119431359","https://openalex.org/W145882784","https://openalex.org/W201965795","https://openalex.org/W1481566954","https://openalex.org/W1551717579","https://openalex.org/W1566577700","https://openalex.org/W1573135555","https://openalex.org/W1648978646","https://openalex.org/W1964706044","https://openalex.org/W1977968385","https://openalex.org/W1981633980","https://openalex.org/W1994877858","https://openalex.org/W1995383821","https://openalex.org/W2033913146","https://openalex.org/W2043867338","https://openalex.org/W2058300759","https://openalex.org/W2065286253","https://openalex.org/W2069558734","https://openalex.org/W2074614359","https://openalex.org/W2100903530","https://openalex.org/W2117887112","https://openalex.org/W2126913566","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2143400538","https://openalex.org/W2152676810","https://openalex.org/W2152933045","https://openalex.org/W2163039781","https://openalex.org/W2176794506","https://openalex.org/W2186431568","https://openalex.org/W2234777211","https://openalex.org/W2395936429","https://openalex.org/W2473737125","https://openalex.org/W4246123534","https://openalex.org/W4254994113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944277854","https://openalex.org/W2258359646","https://openalex.org/W2493324121","https://openalex.org/W4234402960","https://openalex.org/W4210958110","https://openalex.org/W2483613126","https://openalex.org/W4239176133","https://openalex.org/W4220726303","https://openalex.org/W2065675617","https://openalex.org/W4252720236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Presence,":[0],"the":[1,45,73,87,96,144,150,182,188],"impression":[2],"of":[3,47,85,98,105,126,149,179],"being":[4],"existent":[5],"in":[6,18,24,72,91,110,133,136,174,204],"artificially":[7],"created":[8],"places,":[9],"is":[10,170],"an":[11,81,176],"important":[12],"factor":[13],"for":[14,27,190,202],"achieving":[15],"maximum":[16],"experience":[17,154,185],"virtual":[19,114,183],"environments":[20],"(VEs)":[21],"and":[22,79,123,128,138,147,186],"hence":[23],"their":[25],"use":[26,203],"experiments":[28],"or":[29,40,64,164,207],"therapy.":[30],"To":[31],"date,":[32],"most":[33],"clinical":[34],"studies":[35,50],"have":[36,52,56,159],"used":[37,57],"self-report":[38],"questionnaires":[39],"physiological":[41,124],"measures":[42,125],"to":[43,158],"appraise":[44],"degree":[46],"presence.":[48],"Some":[49],"that":[51],"tested":[53,80],"behavioral":[54],"scales":[55],"a":[58,103,171],"single":[59],"VE,":[60],"required":[61],"additional":[62,191],"equipment,":[63],"did":[65,155],"not":[66,156],"test":[67,169],"psychometric":[68],"properties":[69],"during":[70,108,181],"immersion":[71,109],"VR.":[74],"The":[75,116,130,168],"current":[76],"study":[77],"described":[78],"operationalized,":[82],"easy-to-use":[83],"scale":[84],"presence,":[86],"Behavior":[88],"Presence":[89],"Test":[90],"Threatening":[92],"VEs":[93,131],"(BPTT),":[94],"through":[95],"observation":[97],"overt":[99],"behavior":[100],"exhibited":[101],"by":[102],"sample":[104],"40":[106],"participants":[107],"five":[111],"different":[112],"threatening":[113,206],"situations.":[115],"BPTT":[117],"was":[118],"compared":[119],"with":[120],"standard":[121],"subjective":[122],"presence":[127,163,180],"anxiety.":[129],"resulted":[132],"clear":[134],"increases":[135],"anxiety":[137],"arousal.":[139],"Most":[140],"importantly,":[141],"findings":[142],"demonstrated":[143],"consistency,":[145],"reliability":[146],"validity":[148],"BPTT.":[151],"Video":[152],"game":[153],"seem":[157],"any":[160,205],"impact":[161],"on":[162,165,197],"participants'":[166],"behavior.":[167],"step":[172],"forward":[173],"creating":[175],"objective":[177],"assessment":[178],"reality":[184],"without":[187],"need":[189],"equipment.":[192],"Future":[193],"work":[194],"should":[195],"focus":[196],"developing":[198],"broader":[199],"tests":[200],"suitable":[201],"nonthreatening":[208],"VEs.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}