{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100755688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00100","title":"Correlations Between Physiological Response, Gait, Personality, and Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments","display_name":"Correlations Between Physiological Response, Gait, Personality, and Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100755688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00100","mag":"2100755688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/pres_a_00100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035732531","display_name":"Lane Phillips","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lane Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086764360","display_name":"Victoria Interrante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3313-6663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Interrante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062021564","display_name":"Michael Kaeding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kaeding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082399086","display_name":"Brian Ries","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Ries","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113658170","display_name":"Lee Anderson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","[Department of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035732531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86841492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"2","first_page":"119","last_page":"141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replica","display_name":"Replica","score":0.6748917698860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5703995823860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avatar","display_name":"Avatar","score":0.532515823841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5062655210494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4672774076461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4628210961818695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4502592980861664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4423682987689972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.43630093336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.4303589463233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3411221504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.16932106018066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10060465335845947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.6748917698860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5703995823860168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777365542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83090","display_name":"Avatar","level":2,"score":0.532515823841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5062655210494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4672774076461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4628210961818695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4502592980861664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4423682987689972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43630093336105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.4303589463233948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3411221504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.16932106018066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10060465335845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/pres_a_00100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres_a_00100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S975621743","display_name":"PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality","issn_l":"1054-7460","issn":["1054-7460","1531-3263"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85091029","https://openalex.org/W819164841","https://openalex.org/W1539807061","https://openalex.org/W1554151696","https://openalex.org/W1586856071","https://openalex.org/W1965032960","https://openalex.org/W1965559804","https://openalex.org/W1970318334","https://openalex.org/W1970723775","https://openalex.org/W1971947980","https://openalex.org/W1973401283","https://openalex.org/W1980367903","https://openalex.org/W1988711554","https://openalex.org/W1993871728","https://openalex.org/W2002308510","https://openalex.org/W2014658719","https://openalex.org/W2028069689","https://openalex.org/W2031144777","https://openalex.org/W2047253170","https://openalex.org/W2051037982","https://openalex.org/W2063449883","https://openalex.org/W2065425813","https://openalex.org/W2072227633","https://openalex.org/W2074983568","https://openalex.org/W2078935007","https://openalex.org/W2086300913","https://openalex.org/W2100826189","https://openalex.org/W2107054138","https://openalex.org/W2107770994","https://openalex.org/W2114601642","https://openalex.org/W2126676057","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2145839404","https://openalex.org/W2149302268","https://openalex.org/W2153525231","https://openalex.org/W2154502005","https://openalex.org/W2157398242","https://openalex.org/W2159751232","https://openalex.org/W2162924527","https://openalex.org/W2163004454","https://openalex.org/W2165296532","https://openalex.org/W2171057921","https://openalex.org/W2176794506","https://openalex.org/W2178258609","https://openalex.org/W2285072859","https://openalex.org/W2412622177","https://openalex.org/W2555756618","https://openalex.org/W4250305574","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013979739","https://openalex.org/W2655578171","https://openalex.org/W2577913821","https://openalex.org/W4296976839","https://openalex.org/W2460131733","https://openalex.org/W2953070151","https://openalex.org/W2372946558","https://openalex.org/W3138471234","https://openalex.org/W3126044086","https://openalex.org/W4290188422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,35,110,139],"previous":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,37,113,144,274,292,330,480,493,510,523,566],"have":[4,38,64,92],"found":[5,39,275,524,555],"significant":[6,95,276,296,317,333,556,572],"differences":[7,96,236,297,334,547],"in":[8,18,49,97,135,148,172,181,185,237,271,287,298,319,326,335,338,348,366,433,451,458,475,497,533,539,604],"the":[9,69,98,115,136,151,177,187,190,235,243,254,260,266,282,285,299,302,306,320,339,355,361,368,374,435,444,469,495,501,507,534,540,549,562,597],"accuracy":[10,106,399,445],"with":[11,383],"which":[12,186],"people":[13,41,512],"make":[14],"initial":[15],"spatial":[16],"judgments":[17,450],"different":[19,153,261,307,411],"types":[20,154],"of":[21,58,77,87,100,117,133,150,155,164,176,205,214,219,239,248,279,284,301,322,360,387,407,424,446,472,484,506,520,561],"head-mounted,":[22],"display-based":[23],"immersive":[24,412],"virtual":[25,51,70,137,262,308,413],"environments":[26,551],"(IVEs;":[27],"Phillips,":[28],"Interrante,":[29],"Kaeding,":[30],"Ries,":[31],"&":[32],"Anderson,":[33],"2010).":[34],"particular,":[36],"that":[40,53,62,120,452,525,596],"tend":[42],"to":[43,131,160,196,257,390,420,594],"less":[44],"severely":[45],"underestimate":[46],"egocentric":[47,448],"distances":[48],"a":[50,55,59,74,82,88,162,168,173,182,198,211,344,384,422,459,515],"environment":[52,71,101,263,309,372,377,414,441,537],"is":[54,72,606],"photorealistic":[56,75,340,436,439],"replica":[57,76,341,376,437,541],"real":[60],"place":[61],"they":[63],"recently":[65],"visited":[66],"than":[67,363,538],"when":[68],"either":[73,367,434,580],"an":[78],"unfamiliar":[79,535],"place,":[80],"or":[81,373,438,578,582,587],"nonphotorealistically":[83],"(NPR)":[84],"portrayed":[85],"version":[86,175,359],"familiar":[89],"space.":[90],"We":[91,201,233,311,416,463,554],"also":[93,312],"noted":[94],"effect":[99],"type":[102],"on":[103,128],"distance":[104,397,449,530,588],"perception":[105],"between":[107,242,259,305,354,396,500,548,559,574,579,599],"individual":[108],"participants.":[109],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"report":[114],"results":[116,592],"two":[118,550],"experiments":[119],"seek":[121],"further":[122],"insight":[123],"into":[124],"these":[125,240,498,521],"phenomena,":[126],"focusing":[127],"factors":[129],"related":[130],"depth":[132],"presence":[134,206,324,517,583],"environment.":[138,328,508],"our":[140,476],"reported":[141,325,405],"first":[142,171,477],"experiment,":[143,381],"immersed":[145,430],"users":[146],"(between-subjects)":[147,432],"one":[149],"three":[152,289],"IVEs":[156,605],"and":[157,179,222,226,245,251,351,357,400,404,427,442,488,492,503,576,584,602,608],"asked":[158],"them":[159],"perform":[161],"series":[163],"well-defined":[165],"tasks":[166,473],"along":[167],"delimited":[169],"path,":[170],"control":[174,356,456],"environment,":[178,250,543],"then":[180,252,428,464],"stressful":[183,244],"variant":[184],"floor":[188],"around":[189],"marked":[191],"path":[192],"was":[193],"cut":[194],"away":[195],"reveal":[197],"20-ft":[199],"drop.":[200],"assessed":[202,443],"participants'":[203],"sense":[204,406],"during":[207],"each":[208,238,249,272,327],"trial":[209],"using":[210],"diverse":[212],"set":[213,386,471],"measures,":[215,426,564],"including:":[216],"questionnaires,":[217],"recordings":[218],"heart":[220],"rate":[221],"galvanic":[223],"skin":[224],"response,":[225,403],"gait":[227,585],"metrics":[228],"derived":[229],"from":[230],"tracking":[231],"data.":[232],"computed":[234],"measures":[241,483,499],"nonstressful":[246],"versions":[247,505],"compared":[253,494],"changes":[255,496,586],"due":[256],"stress":[258,280,303,402,486],"conditions.":[264,378,415],"Pooling":[265],"data":[267],"over":[268],"all":[269,288,519],"participants":[270,337,365,431,466,526],"group,":[273],"physiological":[277,482],"indications":[278],"after":[281],"appearance":[283],"pit":[286,358],"environments,":[290],"but":[291,544,565],"did":[293,313,331,364,567],"not":[294,314,568,609],"find":[295,315,332,569],"magnitude":[300],"response":[304],"locales.":[310],"any":[316,570],"difference":[318],"level":[321,487],"subjective":[323],"However,":[329],"gait:":[336],"room":[342,362,536,542],"showed":[343],"significantly":[345,528],"greater":[346,529],"reduction":[347],"stride":[349,352],"speed":[350],"length":[353],"photorealistically":[369],"rendered":[370],"nonreplica":[371],"NPR":[375],"Our":[379],"second":[380],"conducted":[382],"new":[385],"participants,":[388],"sought":[389],"more":[391],"directly":[392],"investigate":[393],"potential":[394],"correlations":[395,573],"estimation":[398,531,589],"personality,":[401,600],"presence,":[408,577,601],"comparatively":[409],"across":[410],"used":[417],"pretest":[418],"questionnaires":[419],"assess":[421],"variety":[423],"personality":[425,563,575,581],"randomly":[429],"non-replica":[440],"their":[447,485,490],"IVE,":[453],"followed":[454],"by":[455,612],"trials":[457],"neutral,":[460],"real-world":[461],"location.":[462],"had":[465,511],"go":[467],"through":[468],"same":[470],"as":[474],"experiment":[478],"while":[479],"collected":[481],"tracked":[489],"gait,":[491],"neutral":[502],"pit-enhanced":[504],"Finally,":[509],"fill":[513],"out":[514],"brief":[516],"questionnaire.Analyzing":[518],"data,":[522],"made":[527],"errors":[532],"no":[545],"other":[546],"were":[552],"significant.":[553],"positive":[557],"correlation":[558],"several":[560],"notable":[571],"accuracy.":[590],"These":[591],"suggest":[593],"us":[595],"relationship":[598],"performance":[603],"complicated":[607],"easily":[610],"captured":[611],"existing":[613],"measures.":[614]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}