{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319301544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01567","title":"Unsupervised Learning of Temporal Abstractions With Slot-Based Transformers","display_name":"Unsupervised Learning of Temporal Abstractions With Slot-Based Transformers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319301544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01567","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36746145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111075264","display_name":"Anand Gopalakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anand Gopalakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland anand@idsia.ch","The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland anand@idsia.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002810304","display_name":"Kazuki Irie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2614128279","display_name":"Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research","ror":"https://ror.org/013355g38","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kazuki Irie","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland kazuki@idsia.ch","The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland kazuki@idsia.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071172037","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["CH","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schmidhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia juergen@idsia.ch","SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland","The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Initiative, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia juergen@idsia.ch","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUPSI, Manno 6928, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Swiss AI Lab, Lugano 6962, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"USI, Lugano 6900, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000816835","display_name":"Sjoerd van Steenkiste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4324-3021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sjoerd van Steenkiste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, U.S.A. svansteenkiste@google.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, U.S.A. svansteenkiste@google.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000816835","https://openalex.org/A5002810304","https://openalex.org/A5071172037","https://openalex.org/A5111075264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I15196421","https://openalex.org/I2614128279","https://openalex.org/I57201433","https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3173,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59609025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"4","first_page":"593","last_page":"626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5854626893997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5814641714096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5549253225326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5506937503814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4837231934070587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44980233907699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12189900875091553}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5854626893997192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5814641714096069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5549253225326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5506937503814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4837231934070587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44980233907699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12189900875091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36746145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36746145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/676051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/676051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91815983","https://openalex.org/W1509672901","https://openalex.org/W1556824961","https://openalex.org/W1968768508","https://openalex.org/W2011605810","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2090158515","https://openalex.org/W2090170171","https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2119090916","https://openalex.org/W2123081785","https://openalex.org/W2124684839","https://openalex.org/W2127859399","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2140867974","https://openalex.org/W2151818269","https://openalex.org/W2168640731","https://openalex.org/W2325237720","https://openalex.org/W2556477470","https://openalex.org/W2598912124","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2998941947","https://openalex.org/W3123673616","https://openalex.org/W3217227398","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4252101528","https://openalex.org/W4287554891","https://openalex.org/W4287997992","https://openalex.org/W4287998029","https://openalex.org/W6603735088","https://openalex.org/W6630452234","https://openalex.org/W6634579893","https://openalex.org/W6680976742","https://openalex.org/W6683258052","https://openalex.org/W6683821272","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6727349600","https://openalex.org/W6730038592","https://openalex.org/W6730153900","https://openalex.org/W6734325300","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6742720488","https://openalex.org/W6748603076","https://openalex.org/W6749986616","https://openalex.org/W6752110724","https://openalex.org/W6753640285","https://openalex.org/W6758665762","https://openalex.org/W6759669191","https://openalex.org/W6762533131","https://openalex.org/W6766861245","https://openalex.org/W6768810269","https://openalex.org/W6770251742","https://openalex.org/W6779809370","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6785193213","https://openalex.org/W6790830454","https://openalex.org/W6791296843","https://openalex.org/W6796176593","https://openalex.org/W6796289742","https://openalex.org/W6796366729","https://openalex.org/W6798359198","https://openalex.org/W6798404027","https://openalex.org/W6802853749","https://openalex.org/W6804342959","https://openalex.org/W6804859080","https://openalex.org/W6841393079","https://openalex.org/W7027429494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"discovery":[1],"of":[2,64,109,124,130,140],"reusable":[3],"subroutines":[4,95,111],"simplifies":[5],"decision":[6],"making":[7],"and":[8],"planning":[9],"in":[10,23,46,62,96,128],"complex":[11],"reinforcement":[12],"learning":[13,105],"problems.":[14],"Previous":[15],"approaches":[16],"propose":[17,72],"to":[18,93,145,149],"learn":[19],"such":[20,110],"temporal":[21,76],"abstractions":[22],"an":[24,47,97],"unsupervised":[25,98],"fashion":[26,99],"through":[27],"observing":[28],"state-action":[29],"trajectories":[30],"gathered":[31],"from":[32,54],"executing":[33],"a":[34,37,79,89],"policy.":[35],"However,":[36],"current":[38],"limitation":[39],"is":[40,122],"that":[41,83],"they":[42],"process":[43],"each":[44],"trajectory":[45],"entirely":[48],"sequential":[49],"manner,":[50],"which":[51],"prevents":[52],"them":[53],"revising":[55],"earlier":[56],"decisions":[57],"about":[58,106],"subroutine":[59],"boundary":[60,131],"points":[61],"light":[63],"new":[65],"incoming":[66],"information.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"work,":[70],"we":[71],"slot-based":[73],"transformer":[74],"for":[75,104,135],"abstraction":[77],"(SloTTAr),":[78],"fully":[80],"parallel":[81],"approach":[82],"integrates":[84],"sequence":[85],"processing":[86],"transformers":[87],"with":[88],"slot":[90],"attention":[91],"module":[92],"discover":[94],"while":[100,142],"leveraging":[101],"adaptive":[102],"computation":[103],"the":[107],"number":[108],"solely":[112],"based":[113],"on":[114,151],"their":[115],"empirical":[116],"distribution.":[117],"We":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"how":[120],"SloTTAr":[121],"capable":[123],"outperforming":[125],"strong":[126],"baselines":[127],"terms":[129],"point":[132],"discovery,":[133],"even":[134],"sequences":[136],"containing":[137],"variable":[138],"amounts":[139],"subroutines,":[141],"being":[143],"up":[144],"seven":[146],"times":[147],"faster":[148],"train":[150],"existing":[152],"benchmarks.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
