{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226232089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","title":"On Suspicious Coincidences and Pointwise Mutual Information","display_name":"On Suspicious Coincidences and Pointwise Mutual Information","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226232089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36027718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/34/10/2037/2042422/neco_a_01533.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/34/10/2037/2042422/neco_a_01533.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080713659","display_name":"Christopher K. I. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-4703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher K. I. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, U.K. ckiw@inf.ed.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, U.K. ckiw@inf.ed.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080713659"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06198105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"2037","last_page":"2046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.09939999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.09939999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.05420000106096268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.874775767326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-table","display_name":"Contingency table","score":0.8544204235076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise-mutual-information","display_name":"Pointwise mutual information","score":0.8317747712135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.7409706711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5496299862861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.48577335476875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.37056857347488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08364444971084595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.874775767326355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91998498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541178","display_name":"Contingency table","level":2,"score":0.8544204235076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7797323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798612","display_name":"Pointwise mutual information","level":3,"score":0.8317747712135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.7409706711769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5496299862861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.48577335476875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.37056857347488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08364444971084595}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/34/10/2037/2042422/neco_a_01533.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36027718","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36027718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/6e41aa1a-6cd7-487e-bd86-7b55c170e22e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/6e41aa1a-6cd7-487e-bd86-7b55c170e22e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Williams, C K I 2022, 'On Suspicious Coincidences and Pointwise Mutual Information', Neural Computation, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2037-2046. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/6e41aa1a-6cd7-487e-bd86-7b55c170e22e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/6e41aa1a-6cd7-487e-bd86-7b55c170e22e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Williams, C K I 2022, 'On Suspicious Coincidences and Pointwise Mutual Information', Neural Computation, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 2037-2046. https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01533","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/34/10/2037/2042422/neco_a_01533.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226232089.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W81167575","https://openalex.org/W1511277043","https://openalex.org/W1973036367","https://openalex.org/W2015487160","https://openalex.org/W2039594635","https://openalex.org/W2098294546","https://openalex.org/W2159487337","https://openalex.org/W2800559265","https://openalex.org/W2802808353","https://openalex.org/W2963435115","https://openalex.org/W6603391107","https://openalex.org/W6635456232","https://openalex.org/W6751854905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W63435060","https://openalex.org/W60541956","https://openalex.org/W42419608","https://openalex.org/W26520825","https://openalex.org/W952010","https://openalex.org/W2189199","https://openalex.org/W28609357","https://openalex.org/W290587","https://openalex.org/W65264223","https://openalex.org/W31749436"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Barlow":[0],"(1985)":[1],"hypothesized":[2],"that":[3,76],"the":[4,38,46,50,55,67,78,81,113,126,129,132],"co-occurrence":[5],"of":[6,21,45,49,72,80,94,117,128],"two":[7],"events":[8],"A":[9],"and":[10,42,59,86,115],"B":[11],"is":[12,43,83,100],"\"suspicious\"":[13],"if":[14],"P(A,B)\u226bP(A)P(B).":[15],"We":[16,52,74,111],"first":[17],"review":[18],"classical":[19],"measures":[20,71],"association":[22],"for":[23,107,137],"2":[24,26],"\u00d7":[25],"contingency":[27],"tables,":[28],"including":[29],"Yule's":[30],"Y":[31,91],"(Yule,":[32],"1912),":[33],"which":[34,64],"depends":[35],"only":[36],"on":[37,66],"odds":[39],"ratio":[40,68],"\u03bb":[41],"independent":[44],"marginal":[47],"probabilities":[48],"table.":[51],"then":[53],"discuss":[54,112],"mutual":[56,61,98],"information":[57,62,99],"(MI)":[58],"pointwise":[60,97],"(PMI),":[63],"depend":[65],"P(A,B)/P(A)P(B),":[69],"as":[70,92],"association.":[73],"show":[75],"once":[77],"effect":[79],"marginals":[82],"removed,":[84],"MI":[85],"PMI":[87,130],"behave":[88],"similarly":[89],"to":[90,131],"functions":[93],"\u03bb.":[95],"The":[96],"used":[101],"extensively":[102],"in":[103,120,124],"some":[104],"research":[105],"communities":[106],"flagging":[108],"suspicious":[109],"coincidences.":[110],"pros":[114],"cons":[116],"using":[118],"it":[119],"this":[121],"way,":[122],"bearing":[123],"mind":[125],"sensitivity":[127],"marginals,":[133],"with":[134],"increased":[135],"scores":[136],"sparser":[138],"events.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-10T07:06:39.071514","created_date":"2022-05-05T00:00:00"}