{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3004736626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01413","title":"Do Neural Networks for Segmentation Understand Insideness?","display_name":"Do Neural Networks for Segmentation Understand Insideness?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3004736626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01413","mag":"3004736626","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.10664","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012489114","display_name":"Kimberly Villalobos","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Villalobos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. kimvc@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. kimvc@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045259638","display_name":"Vilim \u0160tih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-8204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139319","display_name":"Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ap2av50","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210139319"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vilim \u0160tih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A., and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany vilim@neuro.mpg.de"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A., and Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany vilim@neuro.mpg.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037932176","display_name":"Amineh Ahmadinejad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amineh Ahmadinejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. amineh@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. amineh@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073688988","display_name":"Shobhita Sundaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shobhita Sundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. shobhita@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. shobhita@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024274700","display_name":"Jamell Dozier","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamell Dozier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. jamell@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. jamell@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067381155","display_name":"Andrew Francl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6417-7866"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Francl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. francl@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. francl@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024170805","display_name":"Frederico Luis de Azevedo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frederico Azevedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. fazevedo@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. fazevedo@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042578984","display_name":"Tomotake Sasaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3376-2779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2252096349","display_name":"Fujitsu (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/038e2g226","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tomotake Sasaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujitsu Laboratories, Kawasaki 211-8588, Japan, and Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. tomotake.sasaki@fujitsu.com"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujitsu Laboratories, Kawasaki 211-8588, Japan, and Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. tomotake.sasaki@fujitsu.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020830959","display_name":"Xavier Boix","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4656-3485"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Boix","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. xboix@mit.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A. xboix@mit.edu","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012489114","https://openalex.org/A5020830959","https://openalex.org/A5024170805","https://openalex.org/A5024274700","https://openalex.org/A5037932176","https://openalex.org/A5042578984","https://openalex.org/A5045259638","https://openalex.org/A5067381155","https://openalex.org/A5073688988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2252096349","https://openalex.org/I4210139319"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2913,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5288547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"9","first_page":"2511","last_page":"2549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8026623725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7117425203323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6485152244567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6294810175895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.621337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.574997067451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5619046688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5183306932449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4669339060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.340456485748291}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8026623725891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7117425203323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6485152244567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6294810175895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.621337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.574997067451477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5619046688079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5183306932449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4669339060783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.340456485748291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34412113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34412113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2201.10664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10664","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.10664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/124491","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2201.10664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.10664","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.10664","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72613748","https://openalex.org/W168365783","https://openalex.org/W599812477","https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1561051169","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1976678415","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2086789740","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2126209209","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2410806370","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2555182955","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2769833683","https://openalex.org/W2798556392","https://openalex.org/W2799089472","https://openalex.org/W2808580750","https://openalex.org/W2911742574","https://openalex.org/W2912327653","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963166928","https://openalex.org/W2963840672","https://openalex.org/W2963847403","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963921921","https://openalex.org/W2963971305","https://openalex.org/W2963995608","https://openalex.org/W2964236837","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2995452139","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4213214460","https://openalex.org/W4230230661","https://openalex.org/W4241541897","https://openalex.org/W4294226146","https://openalex.org/W4298362508","https://openalex.org/W4299785371","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6638545294","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6686583229","https://openalex.org/W6691759653","https://openalex.org/W6696085341","https://openalex.org/W6712504287","https://openalex.org/W6730003152","https://openalex.org/W6735463952","https://openalex.org/W6736210646","https://openalex.org/W6739028767","https://openalex.org/W6745276634","https://openalex.org/W6745749443","https://openalex.org/W6746233725","https://openalex.org/W6747136730","https://openalex.org/W6748481559","https://openalex.org/W6750912363","https://openalex.org/W6763432105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W2053596378","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2168523118","https://openalex.org/W2073639911","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"insideness":[1,41,56,92],"problem":[2,42,57],"is":[3,31],"an":[4],"aspect":[5],"of":[6,11,69,128,134,146,154],"image":[7],"segmentation":[8,27,70,82],"that":[9,66,79,115],"consists":[10],"determining":[12],"which":[13],"pixels":[14],"are":[15],"inside":[16],"and":[17,137],"outside":[18],"a":[19,132,151],"region.":[20],"Deep":[21],"neural":[22],"networks":[23,108,123,149],"(DNNs)":[24],"excel":[25],"in":[26,58,74],"benchmarks,":[28],"but":[29],"it":[30,44],"unclear":[32],"if":[33],"they":[34],"have":[35,86,99],"the":[36,40,55,75,91,126,143],"ability":[37],"to":[38,89,118],"solve":[39,90],"as":[43],"requires":[45],"evaluating":[46],"long-range":[47,129],"spatial":[48],"dependencies.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"letter,":[52],"we":[53],"analyze":[54],"isolation,":[59],"without":[60],"texture":[61],"or":[62],"semantic":[63],"cues,":[64],"such":[65,97],"other":[67],"aspects":[68],"do":[71],"not":[72],"interfere":[73],"analysis.":[76],"We":[77],"demonstrate":[78],"DNNs":[80,98],"for":[81,93],"with":[83,102,110,139,150],"few":[84],"units":[85],"sufficient":[87],"complexity":[88],"any":[94,120],"curve.":[95,121],"Yet":[96],"severe":[100],"problems":[101],"learning":[103,138],"general":[104],"solutions.":[105],"Only":[106],"recurrent":[107,148],"trained":[109],"small":[111,140],"images":[112,141],"learn":[113],"solutions":[114],"generalize":[116],"well":[117],"almost":[119],"Recurrent":[122],"can":[124],"decompose":[125],"evaluation":[127],"dependencies":[130],"into":[131],"sequence":[133],"local":[135],"operations,":[136],"alleviates":[142],"common":[144],"difficulties":[145],"training":[147],"large":[152],"number":[153],"unrolling":[155],"steps.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}