{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124815160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","title":"Real-Time Decoding of Attentional States Using Closed-Loop EEG Neurofeedback","display_name":"Real-Time Decoding of Attentional States Using Closed-Loop EEG Neurofeedback","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124815160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","mag":"3124815160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513324"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021198587","display_name":"Greta Tuckute","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Greta Tuckute","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, U.S.A., gretatu@mit.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, U.S.A., gretatu@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038462331","display_name":"Sofie Therese Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-8191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sofie Therese Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, sofiethereseh@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, sofiethereseh@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075776869","display_name":"Troels W. Kj\u00e6r","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2105-6199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087803","display_name":"Zealand University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00363z010","country_code":"DK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799668677","https://openalex.org/I2802567020","https://openalex.org/I4210087803"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Troels Wesenberg Kjaer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, twk@regionsjaelland.dk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, twk@regionsjaelland.dk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087803","https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018292103","display_name":"Lars Kai Hansen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0442-5877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lars Kai Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, lkai@dtu.dk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, lkai@dtu.dk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018292103","https://openalex.org/A5021198587","https://openalex.org/A5038462331","https://openalex.org/A5075776869"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696","https://openalex.org/I4210087803","https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79196885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"967","last_page":"1004"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurofeedback","display_name":"Neurofeedback","score":0.9538811445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7341583967208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5604410767555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4983675479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-decoding","display_name":"Neural decoding","score":0.41793322563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3472590744495392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.26256901025772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20701813697814941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2434490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306920","display_name":"Neurofeedback","level":3,"score":0.9538811445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7341583967208862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5604410767555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4983675479888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40743351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002049","display_name":"Neural decoding","level":3,"score":0.41793322563171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3472590744495392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.26256901025772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20701813697814941}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33513324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33513324","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/0f125f77-b15e-4958-8a2a-85e088711fd0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/0f125f77-b15e-4958-8a2a-85e088711fd0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tuckute , G , Hansen , S T , Kjaer , T W & Hansen , L K 2021 , ' Real-Time Decoding of Attentional States Using Closed-Loop EEG Neurofeedback ' , Neural Computation , vol. 33 , no. 4 , pp. 967-1004 . https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/3a9f7f1d-e3bd-4d5b-8b76-e865b7ad81aa","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/3a9f7f1d-e3bd-4d5b-8b76-e865b7ad81aa","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tuckute , G , Hansen , S T , Kjaer , T W &amp; Hansen , L K 2021 , ' Real-Time Decoding of Attentional States Using Closed-Loop EEG Neurofeedback ' , Neural Computation , vol. 33 , no. 4 , pp. 1-38 . https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01363","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":149,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41381441","https://openalex.org/W1752985663","https://openalex.org/W1966757608","https://openalex.org/W1968476344","https://openalex.org/W1968867925","https://openalex.org/W1971412067","https://openalex.org/W1977529612","https://openalex.org/W1980518572","https://openalex.org/W1982263033","https://openalex.org/W1983753485","https://openalex.org/W1984783862","https://openalex.org/W1993988037","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2000261872","https://openalex.org/W2005873723","https://openalex.org/W2007226897","https://openalex.org/W2009102908","https://openalex.org/W2009782817","https://openalex.org/W2013293845","https://openalex.org/W2014502281","https://openalex.org/W2017814585","https://openalex.org/W2019742489","https://openalex.org/W2024220357","https://openalex.org/W2024332125","https://openalex.org/W2024564270","https://openalex.org/W2025472057","https://openalex.org/W2030503309","https://openalex.org/W2032492549","https://openalex.org/W2035378985","https://openalex.org/W2037041022","https://openalex.org/W2038055149","https://openalex.org/W2041302467","https://openalex.org/W2042119065","https://openalex.org/W2046596504","https://openalex.org/W2047034898","https://openalex.org/W2048874067","https://openalex.org/W2055642260","https://openalex.org/W2057366818","https://openalex.org/W2057584021","https://openalex.org/W2062876788","https://openalex.org/W2063090026","https://openalex.org/W2065628965","https://openalex.org/W2068117910","https://openalex.org/W2068711867","https://openalex.org/W2069674721","https://openalex.org/W2072735345","https://openalex.org/W2075647286","https://openalex.org/W2077703305","https://openalex.org/W2078560091","https://openalex.org/W2081980855","https://openalex.org/W2087295020","https://openalex.org/W2091853821","https://openalex.org/W2096377479","https://openalex.org/W2098100592","https://openalex.org/W2098644279","https://openalex.org/W2098735891","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2103206785","https://openalex.org/W2107361760","https://openalex.org/W2110015077","https://openalex.org/W2117151438","https://openalex.org/W2120567227","https://openalex.org/W2122397116","https://openalex.org/W2122799147","https://openalex.org/W2123341385","https://openalex.org/W2123923307","https://openalex.org/W2128831670","https://openalex.org/W2135595031","https://openalex.org/W2137689618","https://openalex.org/W2143448427","https://openalex.org/W2145290104","https://openalex.org/W2148511838","https://openalex.org/W2149857318","https://openalex.org/W2151439456","https://openalex.org/W2151513934","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2160057224","https://openalex.org/W2162095066","https://openalex.org/W2166073443","https://openalex.org/W2168656979","https://openalex.org/W2170724617","https://openalex.org/W2171441239","https://openalex.org/W2174097602","https://openalex.org/W2178625776","https://openalex.org/W2290688362","https://openalex.org/W2292421478","https://openalex.org/W2318931585","https://openalex.org/W2321854270","https://openalex.org/W2396277596","https://openalex.org/W2481737601","https://openalex.org/W2509948470","https://openalex.org/W2511656484","https://openalex.org/W2517393688","https://openalex.org/W2521192355","https://openalex.org/W2528108497","https://openalex.org/W2534443592","https://openalex.org/W2560247823","https://openalex.org/W2566775857","https://openalex.org/W2567525349","https://openalex.org/W2582029874","https://openalex.org/W2591969807","https://openalex.org/W2608887548","https://openalex.org/W2612022192","https://openalex.org/W2612677225","https://openalex.org/W2747813561","https://openalex.org/W2763326702","https://openalex.org/W2763386556","https://openalex.org/W2768777452","https://openalex.org/W2770028877","https://openalex.org/W2773294952","https://openalex.org/W2776886600","https://openalex.org/W2788172317","https://openalex.org/W2803718659","https://openalex.org/W2891564944","https://openalex.org/W2896409388","https://openalex.org/W2896549556","https://openalex.org/W2900684886","https://openalex.org/W2905803260","https://openalex.org/W2906597773","https://openalex.org/W2908060889","https://openalex.org/W2911184277","https://openalex.org/W2918395727","https://openalex.org/W2922200811","https://openalex.org/W2942928164","https://openalex.org/W2950851980","https://openalex.org/W2951739843","https://openalex.org/W2952215077","https://openalex.org/W2954415729","https://openalex.org/W2958316904","https://openalex.org/W2967999224","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3083434258","https://openalex.org/W3101250781","https://openalex.org/W3142775739","https://openalex.org/W4231923904","https://openalex.org/W4237805535","https://openalex.org/W4242056254","https://openalex.org/W6642106382","https://openalex.org/W6648918312","https://openalex.org/W6651724059","https://openalex.org/W6654896396","https://openalex.org/W6665143933","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6678289046","https://openalex.org/W6685284514","https://openalex.org/W6727961537","https://openalex.org/W6757549580","https://openalex.org/W6762437011","https://openalex.org/W6764947050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2426762202","https://openalex.org/W2050832787","https://openalex.org/W3067752700","https://openalex.org/W2098373948","https://openalex.org/W1534867933","https://openalex.org/W2587713090","https://openalex.org/W2963141266","https://openalex.org/W2090610152","https://openalex.org/W2896393657","https://openalex.org/W4385694477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sustained":[0],"attention":[1,43,46,97,261,281],"is":[2,71,289],"a":[3,35,40,66,81,89,104,126,151,160,165,182,196,225,265],"cognitive":[4],"ability":[5],"to":[6,80,139,149,156,223,299],"maintain":[7],"task":[8,282],"focus":[9],"over":[10],"extended":[11],"periods":[12],"of":[13,65,68,119,171,185,228,271,305],"time":[14,33,146,234],"(Mackworth,":[15],"1948;":[16],"Chun,":[17],"Golomb,":[18],"&":[19],"Turk-Browne,":[20],"2011).":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"study,":[24],"scalp":[25],"electroencephalography":[26],"(EEG)":[27],"signals":[28],"were":[29,101,142,221],"processed":[30],"in":[31,53,61,125,144,159,190,210,232,259,279,302],"real":[32,145,233],"using":[34],"32":[36],"dry-electrode":[37],"system":[38,269],"during":[39,239],"sustained":[41,96,260],"visual":[42],"task.":[44],"An":[45],"training":[47,92],"paradigm":[48],"was":[49,86,181,207],"implemented,":[50],"as":[51,123],"designed":[52],"DeBettencourt,":[54],"Cohen,":[55],"Lee,":[56],"Norman,":[57],"and":[58,111,129,147,235,275,292,295,310],"Turk-Browne":[59],"(2015)":[60],"which":[62,216],"the":[63,75,120,134,177,191,211,240,250,280,303],"composition":[64],"sequence":[67],"blended":[69],"images":[70],"updated":[72],"based":[73,291],"on":[74,103],"participant's":[76,192],"decoded":[77,143,189],"attentional":[78,137,187,230,273],"level":[79,184],"primed":[82,140],"image":[83],"category.":[84],"It":[85],"hypothesized":[87],"that":[88,219],"single":[90,105,251],"neurofeedback":[91,106,135,178,241,252,268,286,306],"session":[93,107,253],"would":[94],"improve":[95],"abilities.":[98,262],"Twenty-two":[99],"participants":[100,121],"trained":[102],"with":[108],"behavioral":[109,198,277],"pretraining":[110],"posttraining":[112],"sessions":[113],"within":[114],"three":[115],"consecutive":[116],"days.":[117],"Half":[118],"functioned":[122],"controls":[124],"double-blinded":[127],"design":[128],"received":[130],"sham":[131],"neurofeedback.":[132],"During":[133],"session,":[136],"states":[138,274],"categories":[141],"used":[148],"provide":[150,246],"continuous":[152],"feedback":[153],"signal":[154],"customized":[155],"each":[157],"participant":[158],"closed-loop":[161],"approach.":[162],"We":[163,243,263],"report":[164],"mean":[166],"classifier":[167],"decoding":[168,272],"error":[169],"rate":[170],"34.3%":[172],"(chance":[173],"=":[174],"50%).":[175],"Within":[176],"group,":[179],"there":[180],"greater":[183],"task-relevant":[186],"information":[188],"brain":[193],"before":[194,201],"making":[195],"correct":[197],"response":[199],"than":[200],"an":[202],"incorrect":[203],"response.":[204],"This":[205],"effect":[206],"not":[208,245],"visible":[209],"control":[212,236],"group":[213],"(interaction":[214],"p=7.23e-4),":[215],"strongly":[217],"indicates":[218],"we":[220],"able":[222],"achieve":[224],"meaningful":[226],"measure":[227],"subjective":[229],"state":[231],"participants'":[237],"behavior":[238],"session.":[242],"do":[244],"conclusive":[247],"evidence":[248],"whether":[249],"per":[254],"se":[255],"provided":[256],"lasting":[257],"effects":[258],"developed":[264],"portable":[266],"EEG":[267],"capable":[270],"predicting":[276],"choices":[278],"at":[283],"hand.":[284],"The":[285],"code":[287],"framework":[288],"Python":[290],"open":[293],"source,":[294],"it":[296],"allows":[297],"users":[298],"actively":[300],"engage":[301],"development":[304],"tools":[307],"for":[308],"scientific":[309],"translational":[311],"use.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
