{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017237277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01354","title":"Whence the Expected Free Energy?","display_name":"Whence the Expected Free Energy?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017237277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01354","mag":"3017237277","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33400900"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01354","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/33/2/447/1896836/neco_a_01354.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/33/2/447/1896836/neco_a_01354.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048239223","display_name":"Beren Millidge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1872-5635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Beren Millidge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, U.K. beren@millidge.name","School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB, U.K. beren@millidge.name","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027042078","display_name":"Alexander Tschantz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-5929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Tschantz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sackler Center for Consciousness Science, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K. tschantz.alec@gmail.com","Sackler Center for Consciousness Science, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sackler Center for Consciousness Science, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K. tschantz.alec@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sackler Center for Consciousness Science, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026149273","display_name":"Christopher L. Buckley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8551-9121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher L. Buckley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems Research Group, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K. C.L.Buckley@sussex.ac.uk","University of Sussex,"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems Research Group, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, U.K. C.L.Buckley@sussex.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048239223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8311,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67958034,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"447","last_page":"482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7477429509162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-energy-principle","display_name":"Free energy principle","score":0.5861133933067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.5432421565055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5392218232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/futures-contract","display_name":"Futures contract","score":0.496855765581131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41303712129592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.40595000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29011452198028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.23079511523246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22550702095031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1309347152709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1300622820854187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7477429509162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33553690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17014702","display_name":"Free energy principle","level":2,"score":0.5861133933067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5432421565055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5392218232154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106306483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183984","display_name":"Futures contract","level":2,"score":0.496855765581131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41303712129592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.40595000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29011452198028564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.23079511523246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22550702095031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1309347152709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1300622820854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01354","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/33/2/447/1896836/neco_a_01354.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33400900","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33400900","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2004.08128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08128","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.08128","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3017237277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.08128.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27075538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Whence_the_expected_free_energy_/27075538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.08128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2004.08128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01354","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/33/2/447/1896836/neco_a_01354.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2187191776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BB/P022197/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","funder_display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320325","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334629","display_name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00cwqg982"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017237277.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3017237277.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W838050185","https://openalex.org/W1550989509","https://openalex.org/W1613865483","https://openalex.org/W1925816294","https://openalex.org/W1966514629","https://openalex.org/W1971715144","https://openalex.org/W1973845142","https://openalex.org/W1977628053","https://openalex.org/W1990638244","https://openalex.org/W1998651249","https://openalex.org/W2000514530","https://openalex.org/W2012418261","https://openalex.org/W2014114527","https://openalex.org/W2019515298","https://openalex.org/W2020920737","https://openalex.org/W2026659355","https://openalex.org/W2039546655","https://openalex.org/W2040891197","https://openalex.org/W2059320470","https://openalex.org/W2091163800","https://openalex.org/W2111947800","https://openalex.org/W2115979064","https://openalex.org/W2120079537","https://openalex.org/W2120340025","https://openalex.org/W2127958135","https://openalex.org/W2131352719","https://openalex.org/W2132003317","https://openalex.org/W2136634080","https://openalex.org/W2137411342","https://openalex.org/W2147008239","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W2169415915","https://openalex.org/W2181068523","https://openalex.org/W2225156818","https://openalex.org/W2408670836","https://openalex.org/W2424475825","https://openalex.org/W2444466369","https://openalex.org/W2463330366","https://openalex.org/W2547057105","https://openalex.org/W2552810632","https://openalex.org/W2573514974","https://openalex.org/W2584986912","https://openalex.org/W2606488938","https://openalex.org/W2614839826","https://openalex.org/W2617660370","https://openalex.org/W2623066203","https://openalex.org/W2664609681","https://openalex.org/W2743911451","https://openalex.org/W2744346435","https://openalex.org/W2753555157","https://openalex.org/W2769704218","https://openalex.org/W2770517318","https://openalex.org/W2792679026","https://openalex.org/W2793221085","https://openalex.org/W2799151646","https://openalex.org/W2811289501","https://openalex.org/W2875797025","https://openalex.org/W2885550588","https://openalex.org/W2892266804","https://openalex.org/W2899719507","https://openalex.org/W2918957485","https://openalex.org/W2929539807","https://openalex.org/W2963762812","https://openalex.org/W2963932186","https://openalex.org/W2976973594","https://openalex.org/W2988376557","https://openalex.org/W2991094223","https://openalex.org/W2996530576","https://openalex.org/W3008513355","https://openalex.org/W3017302611","https://openalex.org/W3095485376","https://openalex.org/W3101380508","https://openalex.org/W3160026928","https://openalex.org/W3161961853","https://openalex.org/W3201689285","https://openalex.org/W4239125046","https://openalex.org/W4240947882","https://openalex.org/W6649113185","https://openalex.org/W6674866097","https://openalex.org/W6713989974","https://openalex.org/W6740347896","https://openalex.org/W6775093010","https://openalex.org/W7008113532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059320470","https://openalex.org/W2976973594","https://openalex.org/W2623066203","https://openalex.org/W2552810632","https://openalex.org/W2954626430","https://openalex.org/W2918957485","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W3008513355","https://openalex.org/W2799151646","https://openalex.org/W2753555157","https://openalex.org/W2617660370","https://openalex.org/W2606488938","https://openalex.org/W3033115783","https://openalex.org/W3017990858","https://openalex.org/W3017302611","https://openalex.org/W2743911451","https://openalex.org/W2463330366","https://openalex.org/W2147008239","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2039546655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"expected":[1,143],"free":[2,68,93,126,139],"energy":[3,69,94,127,140],"(EFE)":[4],"is":[5,16,39,89,105],"a":[6,100,135],"central":[7],"quantity":[8,18,61],"in":[9,83,95],"the":[10,17,42,56,66,78,81,96,106,110,130,138,142,149,153,161],"theory":[11],"of":[12,44,59,80,109,141,152],"active":[13,21,49],"inference.":[14],"It":[15],"that":[19,48,87,102,119],"all":[20],"inference":[22,50],"agents":[23,51],"are":[24],"mandated":[25],"to":[26,41,65],"minimize":[27],"through":[28],"action,":[29],"and":[30,35,46,62,85,155,165],"its":[31,54,63],"decomposition":[32],"into":[33,129],"extrinsic":[34],"intrinsic":[36],"value":[37],"terms":[38],"key":[40],"balance":[43],"exploration":[45,120],"exploitation":[47],"evince.":[52],"Despite":[53],"importance,":[55],"mathematical":[57,158],"origins":[58,79],"this":[60,74],"relation":[64],"variational":[67],"(VFE)":[70],"remain":[71],"unclear.":[72],"In":[73],"letter,":[75],"we":[76,103],"investigate":[77],"EFE":[82,154],"detail":[84],"show":[86],"it":[88],"not":[90,122],"simply":[91],"\"the":[92],"future.\"":[97],"We":[98,132],"present":[99],"functional":[101],"argue":[104],"natural":[107],"extension":[108],"VFE":[111],"but":[112],"actively":[113],"discourages":[114],"exploratory":[115],"behavior,":[116],"thus":[117],"demonstrating":[118],"does":[121],"directly":[123],"follow":[124],"from":[125],"minimization":[128],"future.":[131],"then":[133],"develop":[134],"novel":[136],"objective,":[137],"future":[144],"(FEEF),":[145],"which":[146],"possesses":[147],"both":[148],"epistemic":[150],"component":[151],"an":[156],"intuitive":[157],"grounding":[159],"as":[160],"divergence":[162],"between":[163],"predicted":[164],"desired":[166],"futures.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
