{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793806174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01084","title":"A Theory of Sequence Indexing and Working Memory in Recurrent Neural Networks","display_name":"A Theory of Sequence Indexing and Working Memory in Recurrent Neural Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793806174","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01084","mag":"2793806174","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652585"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01084","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/30/6/1449/1041256/neco_a_01084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/30/6/1449/1041256/neco_a_01084.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013958028","display_name":"E. Paxon Frady","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8248-4544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Paxon Frady","raw_affiliation_strings":["Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065925392","display_name":"Denis Kleyko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-6155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Kleyko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea SE-971 87, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea SE-971 87, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085896415","display_name":"Friedrich T. Sommer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6738-9263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedrich T. Sommer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.169,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57922252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"6","first_page":"1449","last_page":"1513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.7893838882446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7271625995635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5357123613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.49241960048675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.47414347529411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.4116290807723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3399866223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31826722621917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.20626255869865417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.7893838882446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7271625995635986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5357123613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.49241960048675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.47414347529411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.4116290807723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3399866223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31826722621917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.20626255869865417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01084","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/30/6/1449/1041256/neco_a_01084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29652585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1803.00412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00412","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.00412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2793806174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.00412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1803.00412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.00412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_01084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_01084","pdf_url":"https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article-pdf/30/6/1449/1041256/neco_a_01084.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W82661287","https://openalex.org/W1486990335","https://openalex.org/W1488378957","https://openalex.org/W1615576556","https://openalex.org/W1667165204","https://openalex.org/W1818354251","https://openalex.org/W1943478593","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2002213454","https://openalex.org/W2016708835","https://openalex.org/W2024529445","https://openalex.org/W2037529930","https://openalex.org/W2042587503","https://openalex.org/W2042588857","https://openalex.org/W2061176924","https://openalex.org/W2062004915","https://openalex.org/W2064989338","https://openalex.org/W2070862086","https://openalex.org/W2089552695","https://openalex.org/W2094498958","https://openalex.org/W2095306294","https://openalex.org/W2095683621","https://openalex.org/W2099231026","https://openalex.org/W2103179919","https://openalex.org/W2104551188","https://openalex.org/W2105398397","https://openalex.org/W2106963348","https://openalex.org/W2109191808","https://openalex.org/W2118706537","https://openalex.org/W2119216348","https://openalex.org/W2121371373","https://openalex.org/W2123485355","https://openalex.org/W2123993716","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2128186742","https://openalex.org/W2129000925","https://openalex.org/W2131037016","https://openalex.org/W2133177257","https://openalex.org/W2157306293","https://openalex.org/W2157789521","https://openalex.org/W2159213043","https://openalex.org/W2167876429","https://openalex.org/W2171865010","https://openalex.org/W2265796482","https://openalex.org/W2530887700","https://openalex.org/W2580157614","https://openalex.org/W2621119169","https://openalex.org/W2624514417","https://openalex.org/W2964202535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560127380","https://openalex.org/W2093503827","https://openalex.org/W2963318827","https://openalex.org/W131975639","https://openalex.org/W2750958979","https://openalex.org/W2615084988","https://openalex.org/W2766689678","https://openalex.org/W2789593562","https://openalex.org/W2963775465","https://openalex.org/W2218946286","https://openalex.org/W3183224688","https://openalex.org/W3013863385","https://openalex.org/W2046677044","https://openalex.org/W3151873305","https://openalex.org/W2619171966","https://openalex.org/W2965705320","https://openalex.org/W2767564743","https://openalex.org/W2747977736","https://openalex.org/W3163516730","https://openalex.org/W2897159959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"accommodate":[1],"structured":[2],"approaches":[3],"of":[4,11,20,49,93,102,231,234,241],"neural":[5,13,194],"computation,":[6],"we":[7,132,160,182],"propose":[8,133],"a":[9],"class":[10],"recurrent":[12,34,191],"networks":[14,27,80,167],"for":[15,154,219,237],"indexing":[16],"and":[17,32,46,61,68,83,96,223],"storing":[18,155],"sequences":[19],"symbols":[21],"or":[22,193],"analog":[23,94,156],"data":[24,95,104,176,242],"vectors.":[25],"These":[26,226],"with":[28,85,98,137,168],"randomized":[29],"input":[30],"weights":[31,35,192],"orthogonal":[33],"implement":[36],"coding":[37],"principles":[38],"previously":[39],"described":[40],"in":[41,56,78,107,143,152],"vector":[42],"symbolic":[43,103],"architectures":[44],"(VSA)":[45],"leverage":[47],"properties":[48],"reservoir":[50,57],"computing.":[51],"In":[52],"general,":[53],"the":[54,65,117,138,144,201,229,238],"storage":[55],"computing":[58],"is":[59,81,217],"lossy,":[60],"crosstalk":[62],"noise":[63,221],"limits":[64],"retrieval":[66],"accuracy":[67],"information":[69,150],"capacity.":[70],"A":[71],"novel":[72,134],"theory":[73,89,159],"to":[74,126,164],"optimize":[75],"memory":[76,165,179],"performance":[77,121],"such":[79,188],"presented":[82],"compared":[84],"simulation":[86],"experiments.":[87],"The":[88,158],"describes":[90],"linear":[91],"readout":[92,97,145],"winner-take-all":[99],"error":[100],"correction":[101],"as":[105,189],"proposed":[106],"VSA":[108,114,135,235],"models.":[109],"We":[110],"find":[111,183],"that":[112,146,184],"diverse":[113],"models":[115,136,208,236],"from":[116],"literature":[118],"have":[119],"universal":[120],"properties,":[122],"which":[123,171],"are":[124,205],"superior":[125],"what":[127],"previous":[128],"analyses":[129],"predicted.":[130],"Further,":[131],"statistically":[139],"optimal":[140],"Wiener":[141],"filter":[142],"exhibit":[147,209],"much":[148],"higher":[149],"capacity,":[151],"particular":[153],"data.":[157],"present":[161],"also":[162],"applies":[163],"buffers,":[166],"gradual":[169],"forgetting,":[170],"can":[172],"operate":[173],"on":[174],"infinite":[175],"streams":[177],"without":[178],"overflow.":[180],"Interestingly,":[181],"different":[185],"forgetting":[186,202,214],"mechanisms,":[187],"attenuating":[190],"nonlinearities,":[195],"produce":[196],"very":[197],"similar":[198],"behavior":[199],"if":[200],"time":[203,215],"constants":[204],"matched.":[206],"Such":[207],"extensive":[210],"capacity":[211],"when":[212],"their":[213],"constant":[216],"optimized":[218],"given":[220],"conditions":[222],"network":[224],"size.":[225],"results":[227],"enable":[228],"design":[230],"new":[232],"types":[233],"online":[239],"processing":[240],"streams.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}