{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2291831758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00841","title":"McCulloch-Pitts Brains and Pseudorandom Functions","display_name":"McCulloch-Pitts Brains and Pseudorandom Functions","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2291831758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00841","mag":"2291831758","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111486123","display_name":"Va\u0161ek Chv\u00e1tal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Va\u0161ek Chv\u00e1tal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113491403","display_name":"M. Goldsmith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Goldsmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022196026","display_name":"Nan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3071-0244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022196026","https://openalex.org/A5111486123","https://openalex.org/A5113491403"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02306043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"1042","last_page":"1050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.954200029373169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.6926486492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5717465281486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.48961931467056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-system","display_name":"Neural system","score":0.46687954664230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46128079295158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamical-systems-theory","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","score":0.4494202435016632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3812641203403473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.31370797753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3048690855503082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20709705352783203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.6926486492156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5717465281486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.48961931467056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986949344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9404","display_name":"Neural system","level":2,"score":0.46687954664230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46128079295158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79379906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174497","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","level":2,"score":0.4494202435016632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3812641203403473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.31370797753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3048690855503082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20709705352783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/neco_a_00841","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207023548","display_name":"Neural Computation","issn_l":"0899-7667","issn":["0899-7667","1530-888X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27136970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136970","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural computation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44569796","https://openalex.org/W108503560","https://openalex.org/W118573777","https://openalex.org/W339803138","https://openalex.org/W866393564","https://openalex.org/W1521929976","https://openalex.org/W1583834646","https://openalex.org/W1909955916","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1971361630","https://openalex.org/W1979148805","https://openalex.org/W1981663184","https://openalex.org/W1982991092","https://openalex.org/W1995341919","https://openalex.org/W1995511496","https://openalex.org/W2008462638","https://openalex.org/W2020913456","https://openalex.org/W2023915883","https://openalex.org/W2025762001","https://openalex.org/W2027528470","https://openalex.org/W2033040247","https://openalex.org/W2041202072","https://openalex.org/W2049652998","https://openalex.org/W2070736605","https://openalex.org/W2103012681","https://openalex.org/W2117362057","https://openalex.org/W2124218043","https://openalex.org/W2136836828","https://openalex.org/W2147092045","https://openalex.org/W2152038052","https://openalex.org/W2154935036","https://openalex.org/W2161278885","https://openalex.org/W2170498245","https://openalex.org/W2559905450","https://openalex.org/W2592570088","https://openalex.org/W2611754984","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W3021014091","https://openalex.org/W3098652788","https://openalex.org/W4230665353","https://openalex.org/W4230719014","https://openalex.org/W4233413206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2988803943","https://openalex.org/W3195404686","https://openalex.org/W3197756843","https://openalex.org/W2998159925","https://openalex.org/W3142695459","https://openalex.org/W2997473042","https://openalex.org/W4386450959","https://openalex.org/W1593626288","https://openalex.org/W163084846","https://openalex.org/W3082834809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"a":[1,10],"pioneering":[2],"classic,":[3],"Warren":[4],"McCulloch":[5],"and":[6,26,43],"Walter":[7],"Pitts":[8],"proposed":[9],"model":[11],"of":[12,21],"the":[13],"central":[14],"nervous":[15],"system.":[16],"Motivated":[17],"by":[18],"EEG":[19],"recordings":[20],"normal":[22],"brain":[23],"activity,":[24],"Chv\u00e1tal":[25],"Goldsmith":[27],"asked":[28],"whether":[29],"these":[30],"dynamical":[31],"systems":[32],"can":[33],"be":[34],"engineered":[35],"to":[36],"produce":[37],"trajectories":[38],"that":[39,48],"are":[40],"irregular,":[41],"disorderly,":[42],"apparently":[44],"unpredictable.":[45],"We":[46],"show":[47],"they":[49],"cannot":[50],"build":[51],"weak":[52],"pseudorandom":[53],"functions.":[54]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}